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Mr. Thomas A. Edison 
Dr. Elihu Thomson 
Dr. Edwin J. Houston 
Mr. Carl Hering 
Mr. Arthur V. Abbott 

And Othe 


COURSE XIV 
Booklovers Reading Clu 
Hand-BooK 




















ISSUED FROM THE PRESS OF 
THE BOOKLOVERS LIBRARY 
1323 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA 









T he booklovers reading 

CLUB HAND-BOOK TO AC¬ 
COMPANY THE READING COURSE 
ENTITLED, STUDIES IN APPLIED 
ELEC TRICITY - 



SEYMOUR EATON 

Librarian 

FREDERIC W. SPEIRS, Ph.D. 

Educational Director 


(?) 

















i 





THE LIBRARY OF * 
CONGRESS, 

Two CoMEb Received 

NOV. 1 1901 

Copyright entry 

CLASS CL XXa No. 

/ 7 si «f ! 

COPY 3. i 


Copyright, iqoi 
I HE BoOKI.OVF.RS L.IBRj\RY 


[ 








STUDIES IN APPLIED 

ELECTRICITY 


■ 


Course XIV: Booklovers Reading Club 


BOOKS SELECTED 

FOR THIS READING COURSE 
by 

M? THOMAS A. EDISON 

a 7i d 

O': EDWIN J. HOUSTON 



(9) 












The BOOKS 



HE following three books are supplied by 
Lhe Booklovers Library to Club Members 
who have enrolled for Course XIV. 


/. ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN 
ELECTRICITY AND MAG¬ 
NETISM 

(Silvanus P. Thompson) 

II. THE ELECTRIC CURRENT 

(R. Mullineux Walmsley) 

III. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
LEAFLETS: ELEMENTARY 
GRADE 

(E. J. Houston, Ph.D.,) 
and 

(A. E. Kennelly, F.R.A.S.) 

Lhe course of reading as outlined in this hand-book 
is based on these books. Supplementary lists of books 
recommended by M R Edison and D R Houston 
will be found at the end. - 















STUDIES IN APPLIED ELECTRIC ITT 


TALKS to STUDENTS 

by 

Dr. KLIHU THOMSON 

and 

Dr. EDWIN J. HOUSTON 

and 

Mr. CARL HERING 

and 

Mr. ARTHUR V. ABBOTT 

These papers by Dr. Thomson , Dr. Houston , Mr. Hering 
and Mr. Abbott have been prepared especially 
for readers of this course. 


sT^ 


OUTLINES and QUESTIONS 

by 

Dr. GEORGE F. STRADLING 



















A WORD from THE DIRECTOR 


COMPLETE working knowledge of 
a technical subject cannot be gained by 
reading books . Actual contact with 

the working appliances of the labor- 
atory and the shop is essential. JVe 
are fully aware of this fact in pre- 
senting this course in electricity to our 
readers . Its purpose is simply to lay a 
foundation which may serve as a basis for the 
practical knowledge of electricity that comes 
through the use of apparatus. 

In inviting Mr. Edison and Dr. Houston to 



05) 










A Word from the Director 


recommend a course of reading , we acted on the 
assumption that our readers were entitled to the 
most expert judgment available for the choice of 
books upon this subject. The student will feel 
entirely safe in investing his time in books recom- 
mended by these authorities. 

In our invitation to the contributors of papers , 
we requested that the writers should give stimulus 
and guidance to readers who were approaching 
the subject for the first time. Having a practical 
end in view , we invited eminent engineers , not 
theoretical electricians , to prepare the papers. 
Our readers thus have the benefit of the sugges¬ 
tions of a notable group of men. Dr. Elihu 
Thomson has an international reputation as an 
electrical engineer. Dr. Houston has attained 
eminence m his profession through his important 
inventions and his numerous books. Mr. Carl 
Hering, ex-President of the Institute of Electri¬ 
cal Engineers , and Mr. Arthur V. Abbott , of 
the Chicago Telephone Company , are consulting 
engineers of wide experience and high authority. 

The very comprehensive series of questions and 
the full suggestions for supplementary reading 
prepared by Dr. George F. Stradling are espe¬ 
cially valuable to the reader who desires to dig 
deep. Dr. Stradling has been careful to indicate 


06) 





A Word from the Director 


books and articles which may be read with profit 
by those who have little technical knowledge and 
only slight acquaintance with mathematics. 

Equipped with the books approved by Mr. 
Edison and Dr. Houston , and guided by the sug¬ 
gestions of working engineers who stand at the 
head of their profession , the reader should find 
the course highly profitable. 


(17) 





The Idea of the Course 


HIS course was designed with two dis¬ 
tinct purposes in mind. In the first 
place, we planned to give the general 
reader who has a scientific turn of 
mind an insight into the action of elec¬ 
trical forces which will enable him to 
understand the principles of the tele¬ 
phone, the electric light, the street-car 
motor and other common electrical ap¬ 
pliances. Electricity is playing such an import¬ 
ant part in modern life that many intelligent per¬ 
sons who have no distinct technical purpose in 
mind wish to learn something about its practical 
applications. 

In the second place we had in view the needs 
of the student who desires to begin a course of 
reading which will prepare him for further study 
with the ultimate purpose of becoming an elec¬ 
trical engineer. For the benefit of such students 
the editor has divided the course into topics, and 
has furnished very complete sets of questions and 
carefully selected references for supplementary 
reading. The student who reads the course 
thoroughly, using all the aids so liberally sup¬ 
plied, will not be qualified to design a dynamo, 
but he will have an excellent start on the road 
toward his professional goal. 



(19) 













PRINCIPAL TOPICS 
OF THE COURSE 

I. 

General Ideas of Electric Currents 
and Circuits. 

II. 

Electric Quantities and Units. 

III. 

Ohm’s Law. 

IV. 

Electrical Instruments. 

V. 

The Heat Developed by the 
Electric Current. 

VI. 

Electric Incandescent Lighting. 

VII. 

Electric Arc Lighting. 

VIII. 

Magnetism. 

IX. 

The Magnetism of the Earth. 

X. 

The Electromagnet. 

XI. 

The Telegraph. 

XII. 

The Voltaic Cell. 


(20) 








Studies in Applied Electricity 

XIII. The Chemical Effects of the Cur¬ 
rent. 

XIV. The Storage Cell. 

XV. The Production of Currents by 
Induction. 

XVI. The Telephone. 

XVII. The Continuous Current Dynamo. 

XVIII. The Continuous Current Motor. 

XIX. Alternating Currents. 

XX. The Alternator. 

XXI. The Alternating Current Motor. 

XXII. The Alternating Current Trans¬ 
former. 

XXIII. The Electric Transmission of 
Power. 

XXIV. The Electric Railway. 

XXV. Wireless Telegraphy. 


( 21 ) 































































































»• 




























































































































































‘ 1 

































































HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS TO 
THE READER 


The references to the books supplied are 
arranged under each topic in the order in which 
they should be read. 

If the reader is specially interested in any 
one topic he will find the following order of 
reading helpful in arriving most directly at the 
particular subject which he wants. The topics 
are here arranged in such order that the reading 
leads up to the subject coming last in the series. 
For example, if the reader wishes to understand 
the telephone (topic xvi), he should first master 
the electromagnet (topic x), and then pass to 
the production of currents by induction (topic 
xv). He may then read with advantage the 
references on the telephone (topic xvi). 

[V, VI.] [V, VII.] [X, XI.] [XII, XIII, XIV.] [X, XV.] 
[X, XV, XVI.] [X, XV, XVII.] [X, XV, XVII, XVIII.] [X, 
XV, XVII, XIX, XX.] [X, XV, XVII, XIX, XX, XXI.] [X, 
xv* XIX, XXII.] [XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, 
XXIII.] [XVII, XVIII, XXIV.] 

( 2 3 ) 









The Booklovers Reading Club 


It is recommended that the reader, in every 
case, first make himself acquainted with topics 
i, ii, iii and vm. Any of the topics iv, v, ix, 
xn, xm and xix may then be read. 

If the reader can follow the mathematical rea¬ 
soning, it is best to do it. Next to this in advan¬ 
tage is a careful examination of the formula em¬ 
bodying the result of the reasoning. The mean¬ 
ing of each letter should be found, and, if it is 
possible, the formula applied to the solution of a 
simple problem. The main facts, however, stand 
out clearly without the aid of mathematics. 

Attention is directed to the fact that each of 
the three books in the course is provided with a 
good index. 

There is no better way of keeping in touch with 
the modern applications of electricity than by read- 
ing regularly some good electrical journal, such as 
The Electrical World and Engineer , a weekly 
publication, or The American Electrician , a 
monthly journal. It is surprising how much bene¬ 
fit is derived in this way, and at how small an 
expenditure of time and money. 

Not all the questions, given in the topical 
outline which follows, can be answered by refer¬ 
ence to the books of the course. It is hoped that 
the reader will think them over carefully after he 


(24) 






Studies in Applied Electricity 


has gone over the readings under the topic, and, 
if he is unable to answer them, will turn to some 
of the supplementary readings for assistance. 
A considerable body of questions appears at 

the end of Elementary Lessons in Electricity and 
Magnetism. 

The visiting of power plants and factories 
where electricity is employed is of much value, 
and the student should seek opportunity to ex¬ 
periment with apparatus. 


(25) 










































































































The COURSE AR¬ 
RANGED by TOPICS 


The names Houston and Kennedy, Thomp¬ 
son, Walmsley, printed in italics immedi¬ 
ately following the topics of this outline , 
refer to the books of these respective authors 
which are furnished with this course. 

I. GENERAL IDEAS OF ELECTRIC CUR¬ 
RENTS AND CIRCUITS. 

Houston and Kennedy , Leaflet i, Section 56 and 

Leaflet 8. 

Thompson , Section 167. 

Walmsley , Chapter II. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What effects does a current produce in the mate¬ 
rial through which it flows ? 

2. What methods are there of producing a current ? 

3. What is the difference between joining in series 
and in multiple? 

4. Study the Law of the Conservation of Energy. 

5. What are the different parts of the electric circuit 
used in ringing a bell ? 

6. What is the difference between a direct or con¬ 
tinuous current and an alternating current ? 

7. A wire passes through a room. Without cutting 
it, how can you find whether a direct current is flowing 
through it ? An alternating current ? 


(27) 







The Booklovers Reading Club 


8. Where is there an error in the expression “ a gene¬ 
rator of electricity ? ” 

9. What reason is there for thinking that anything 
moves when a current flows? 

10. What application of the electric current has, in 
your opinion, produced the greatest change in modern 
life? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

If hat is Electricity ? J. Trowbridge. 

Chapter IV. The Electric Current. 

Chapter IX. Sources of Electric Power. 

Practical Electricity. W. E. Ayrton. 

Chapter I. The Electric Current and Its Measurement. 
Electrical Lighting. F. B. Crocker. Vol. I. 

Chapter VII. Possible Sources of Electrical Energy. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 20 (Jan. 5, 1901). 
Electricity in the Coming Century. Elihu Thomson. 

Vol. 37, p. 22. Electrical Energy Direct from Coal. A. E. 
Kennelly. 

II. ELECTRIC QUANTITIES AND UNITS 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. 
Thompson , Sections 169, 171, 190, 400-405, 408, 
435 - 437 , Lesson XXVII, Sections 280-283 and 
Appendix B, p. 586. 

Walmsley, Pages 37, 38, 271-278, 283-289, 305, 
372, 387, 407-409, 4H-4I4. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What electrical units are named after Germans ? 
After Britons, Frenchmen, Italians, Americans ? 

2. Why are all electrical units based upon the metric 
system ? 


(28) 







Studies in Applied Electricity 


3. Define the practical unit of E. M. F. 

4. To what in the flow of water is E. M. F. analogous ? 

5. What are the sources of the E. M. F ? 

6. Can an E. M. F. exist without producing a cur¬ 
rent ? 

7. What is an ampere ? A coulomb ? An ohm ? 

8 . What effect does change of temperature have 
upon electrical resistance ? 

9. Why are resistance coils generally made of alloys ? 

10. What is the distinction between a joule and a 

watt ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. 

Vol. 1, chapter III. General Units and Measures. 

Short Lectures to Electric Artisans. J. A. Fleming. 

Lecture V. 

Practical Electricity. W. E. Ayrton. 

Chapters I-V. 

Popular Lectures and Addresses. Sir William Thomson 
(Lord Kelvin), vol. I, p. 80. Electrical Units of Measure¬ 
ment. 

Periodicals. 

Science. Vo!, i, p. 9 (Jan- 4. <895). T. C. Mendenhall. Legal 
Units of Electric Measure. 

The Electrical Revieiv. London, vol. 41, p. 656 (Nov. 12,1897). 
A. Gray. Absolute Measurements. 

III. OHM’S LAW 

Houston and Kennelly, Leaflet 7, Sections 271 and 
273- 

Thompson, Sections 191, 399. 4°°. 

Walmsley , Page 270. 


(29) 









The Booklovers Reading Club 


QUESTIONS 

1. Who was Ohm ? 

2. Why is Ohm’s Law so important ? 

3. To what kind of currents does it apply ? 

4. If two binding posts whose difference of potential 
is no volts are joined by a coil whose resistance is 23 
ohms, how much current flows ? 

5. How much is the resistance of an incandescent 
lamp when .54 ampere flows through it, the difference 
of potential at its terminals being no volts? 

6. How many volts are required to send a current of 
9.2 amperes through a resistance of 4 ohms ? 

7. While a cell is sending current through a circuit, a 
voltmeter shows that the difference of potential between 
its terminals is .6 volt. If the internal resistance of the 
cell is .3 ohm, is it right to conclude that the current 
through the cell is ;f=2 amperes ? 

8. It is desired to find the length of wire in a coil 
without unwinding it. The current and the difference 
of potential between the ends of the coil are measured. 
What else must be known in order to calculate the length 
of the wire ? 

9. A cell of E. M. F. 1.4 volts and internal resistance 
.6 ohm is joined to a circuit of resistance 7 ohms. How 
much current flows ? 

10. How much is the difference of potential between 
the ends of this circuit ? 

IV. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS 

Houston and Kennelly , Sections 36-38, 57, 138. 

Thompson , Lesson XVII, Sections 290, 394-396 

412-415, 442. 

Walmsley , Pages 277-282, 329-424. 


(30) 




Studies in Applied Electricity 


questions 

1. Describe an arrangement by which the quantity of 
electricity which passes through in a given time is 
measured. 

2. What instruments depend for their operation upon 
the magnetic effects of the current ? 

3. What is the difference between the way in which 
voltmeters aud ammeters are joined to a circuit ? 

4. Go to a switchboard and notice what instruments 
are mounted upon it. 

5. Find how Weston instruments are constructed. 

6. Why is it that a Cardew voltmeter answers both 
for continuous and for alternating currents ? 

7. What kind of a voltmeter takes no current ? 

8. How is the Wheatstone Bridge used ? 

9. Make a diagram of a plug resistance box. 

10. Of what advantage are recording instruments ? 
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Short Lectures to Electric Artisans. J. A. Fleming. 

Lectures VI and VII. 

Practical Electricity. W. E. Ayrton. 

Chapters I and II. Weston instruments are described, pp. 
145, 183. 

Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. 

Vol. 1, chapter XXIII. Electrical Measuring Instruments. 
Vol. 2, chapter XIX. Meters. 

What is Electricity? }. Trowbridge. 

Chapter VII. The Galvanometer. 

Periodicals. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 634 (Nov. 12, 1897). 
W. A. Price. Electrical Instrument Making during the 
Period 1872-1897. 


(30 





The B ooklovers Reading Club 


V. THE HEAT DEVELOPED BY THE ELEC¬ 
TRIC CURRENT 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflet 25. 

Thompson , Lesson XXXVI. 

Walmsley , Pages 311-314, 534-536, 552-560. 

QUESTIONS 

1. As the passage of an electric current through a 
wire constantly develops heat, why does the wire not 
continue to rise in temperature as long as the current 
flows ? 

2. What do you regard as the five most important 
applications of the heating effect of the current ? 

3. Why is the use of the current for heating pur¬ 
poses not more general ? 

4. Is heat produced when the current traverses elec¬ 
trolytes ? 

5. Describe the process of electric welding. 

6. Find how carborundum, calcium carbide and arti¬ 
ficial graphite are made. 

7. Frozen water pipes have been thawed by the cur¬ 
rent. How would you make connections to do this ? 

8. Mention some advantages which the production 
of heat by the current has over its production by com¬ 
bustion. 

9 How much heat is produced in half an hour by 7 
amperes flowing through a resistance of 12 ohms ? 

10. Is there more heat developed per sec. by 5 am¬ 
peres flowing through 2 ohms resistance or by 2 am¬ 
peres flowing through 5 ohms ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Book. 

Electric Heating. Houston and Kennedy. 


( 32 ) 






Studies in Applied Electricity 


Periodicals. 

Electrical World. Vol. 30, p. 122 (July 31, 1897). J. P. Jackson. 

The Economy and Utility of Electrical Cooking Apparatus. 
Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 34, P- 337 (Sept. 2, 1899). 

A 250-h.p. Electric Heating Plant. 

American Electrician. Vol. 9, p. 347 (Sept., 1897). The Econ¬ 
omy and Utility of Electrical Cooking Apparatus. 

Vol. 12, p. 501 (Oct., 1900). On Fuses. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 9, p. 522 (April, 1896). J. Sachs. 
Electric Metal Heating and Working. 

Vol. 7, p. 418 (March, 1895.) N. W. Perry. Electric Cooking 
and Heating. 

Western Electrician. Vol. 25, p. 60 (July 29, 1899.) 

/ Electric Heating and Cooking at the Carmelite Hospice. 
Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 13, p. 185 (April, 
1890). Sir F. Bramwell. Welding by Electricity. 

VI. ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LIGHTING 
Houston cind Kennelly , Leaflets 26, 27, Sections 65, 

66, 77, 80. 

Thompson , Sections 452, 453. 

VValmsley , Pages 486-499, 518-552, 658-663. 


QUESTIONS 

1. Why is the air exhausted from the lamp bulb ? 

2. Why is platinum used to lead the current through 
the glass ? 

3. What is meant by saying that a lamp is 16 c. p.? 

4. Make a diagram showing how incandescent lamps 
are joined to each other and to the dynamo or trans¬ 
former for interior lighting. 

5. Describe the manufacture of a filament. 

6. In what manner does the candle-power of a lamp 
change with time ? 

3 C 


(33) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


7 - Remove a lamp from its socket and notice how re¬ 
placing it connects the two ends of the filament to the 
two wires ending in the socket. 

Do not take the socket apart while the current is on. 

8. Give some of the advantages which the incandes¬ 
cent lamp has over oil and gas. 

9. Why is a carbon filament used ? 

10. About how many watts should be required for a 
16 c. p. lamp ? This is how many amperes, when the 
potential difference at the lamp terminals is no volts? 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Electric Incandescent Lighting. Houston and Kennelly. 

The Incandescent Lamp and Its Manufacture. G. S. Ram. 
Electric Lighting. 2 vols. F. B. Crocker. This is a very 
complete treatise on lighting both by arc and by incandes¬ 
cent lamps. 

A Century of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. 

Chapter VII. The Electric Light. 


Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 239 (Feb. 9> 1901). 
L. Bell. Electrical Illumination at the Beginning of the Twen- 
tieth Century. 

American Electrician. Vol. 13, pp . i 94 and 24I (April and 
May, 1901). 

Caster's Magazine. Vol. 16, p. 42 (May, 1899). A. D. Adams. 

Selection of Incandescent Lamps. 

The Electrical Review, London. Vol. 41, p. 626 (Nov 12 1897) 

J. W Swan. Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Incandescent 
Lighting. 

Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. 149, pp. 282 3,, and 
4-9 (April, May and June, I9 oo). 353 


(34) 










Studies in Applied Electricity 


VII. ELECTRIC ARC LIGHTING 

Houston and Kennelly> Leaflets 28, 29, Sections 67, 
75 and 79. 

Thompson , Sections 448-451. 

Walmsley , Pages 499 ~ 523 - 

QUESTIONS 

1. Give two ways of telling which is the positive car¬ 
bon in a continuous current arc lamp. 

2. Why is the positive carbon in such a lamp placed 
above the negative one ? 

3. Examine a commercial arc lamp, and find out the 
purpose of each part. Be sure that the lamp is discon¬ 
nected from the circuit. 

4. What kind of an arc lamp needs to have the car¬ 
bons renewed only after burning several nights ? 

5. Find out about alternating current arc lamps. 

6. How are arc lamps usually joined to each other 
and to the dynamo ? 

7. In what respects does an enclosed differ from an 
open arc lamp ? 

8. Compare the number of volts required for direct 
current and for alternating current arc lamps. 

9. Which must be the longer in a direct current arc 
lamp, the positive or the negative carbon ? Why ? 

10. Under what conditions is it possible for a man 
standing on the ground to get a dangerous shock by 
touching one terminal of an arc lamp ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Electric Arc Lighting. Houston and Kennelly. 

Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. 2 vols. 


(35) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Yol. 37, pp. 271, 401, 475, 553, 
6o j , 719 (1901). L. Bell. On Street Lighting by Arcs. 
Yol. 37, p. 929 (June 1, 1901). Arc Lighting at the Beginning 
of the Twentieth Century. 

American Electrician . Vol. 10, p. n (Jan., 1898). W. H. Freed¬ 
man. The Enclosed Arc Lamp. 

Yol. i£, p. 79(Feb., 1900). R. Fleming. Alternating-Current 
Arc Lighting. 

Yol. 12, p. 274 (June, 1900). H. H. Wait. A Comparison of 
Open and Enclosed Arc Lamps for Street Lighting. 

Vol. 12, p.327 (July, 1900). W. M. Stine. The Choice of Arc 
Lamps. 

Vol 12, p. 379 (Aug., 1900). A. L. Rice. Street Lighting by 
Series Alternating-Current Arc Lamps. 

Vol. 13, p. 326 (July, 1901). Arc Lighting at the Beginning of 
the Twentieth Century. 

The Electrical Review . London. Vol. 41, p. 654 (Nov. 12, 

1897). R. E. Crompton. Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Arc 
Lighting. 

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engi¬ 
neers. Vol. 14, pp. 3 6r and 47I (July, 1897). Freedman, Bur¬ 
roughs and Rapaport. The Enclosed Arc Lamp. 

Vol. 16, p. 557 (Sept., 1899). W. L. Robb. Series Arc Light¬ 
ing from Constant Current Transformers. 

VIII. MAGNETISM 

Thompson , Lessons VIII, IX, X and XI. 

Walnisley , Pages 90-120. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Before it was known that magnets could be made 
by using the electric current, how were they procur- 
able ? 

2. What reason is there for believing that the mole¬ 
cules of a magnet are themselves magnets ? 

3. What metals can be magnetized ? 

4. Given a compass. How can you find which the 
north-seeking pole of a magnet is ? 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


5. What is Ewing’s theory of magnetism ? 

6. Which gives the more definite information, mag¬ 
netic attraction or repulsion ? 

7. By what means may the strength of a magnet be 
diminished ? 

8. Obtain the lines of force about a magnet by using 
iron filings. 

9. What is the difference between the magnetic 
comportment of iron and that of steel ? 

10. What are the uses of permanent magnets ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Magnetism. Houston and Kennedy. 

Chapters I-III. 

IP hat is Electricity ? J. T ro wbridge. 

Chapter III. Magnetism. 

Periodicals. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 13, p.433 (March, 1898). W. A. An¬ 
thony. The Magnetic Concentration of Ores. 

Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 13, p. 387 (May, 
1891). J. A. Ewing. The Molecular Process in Magnetic 
Induction. 

IX. THE MAGNETISM OF THE EARTH 

Thompson , Lesson XII. Maps opposite title-page 
and table of contents. 

Walmsley, Pages 120-138. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Does a compass needle generally point to the true 

north ? 

2 . What are the angles of declination and of inclina¬ 
tion ? 


(37) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


3. Where in the United States does the needle point 
due north ? 

4. What are isogonic lines ? Agonic ? 

5- Discuss the variations in the earth’s magnetism. 

6. Examine the map on page 130, The Electric Cur¬ 
rent, and find if different isogonals ever cross. 

7. How does a dipping needle behave at the north 
magnetic pole ? At the magnetic equator ? 

8. On a modern steamship how are the indications of 
the compass made independent of the influence of the 
neighboring iron ? 

9. From the magnetic maps determine the inclination 
and declination of the place where you live. 

10. Of what use are magnetic observatories ? 


_ , SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Magnetism. Houston and Kennelly. 

Chapter X. 

Traiti de Magn/tisme Terrestre. Mascart. 


Periodicals. 

Mature. Vol. 61, p. 302. (Jan. 25, 1900). Gatacre’s Repulse at 
Stormberg. 

Vol. 57, pp. 160 and 180 (Dec., 1897). A. W. RUcker. Recent 
Researches in Terrestrial Magnetism. 

TerrestriatMagnetism. Vol. 2, p. 45 (June, 1897). J. A. Fleming. 
The Earth a Great Magnet. 


X. THE ELECTROMAGNET 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflets 12, 13, 14, 15. 
Thompson, Lessons XVI, XXVIII, XXX and 
XXXI, Sections 508 and 509. 

_ Walmsley, Pages 138-169, 315-326 and 645-649. 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


questions 

1. A wire is stretched from north to south and is 
brought over a compass needle. A current flows in 
the wire from south to north. How is the needle de¬ 
flected ? 

2. When a current flows through a coil, how, besides 
by testing, can you tell which is the north pole of the 
coil ? 

3. What are some of the uses of electromagnets ? 

4. What advantages are there in the use of electro¬ 
magnets ? 

5. Explain how the electric bell operates. 

6. What is hysteresis ? 

7. Why is it important to know the permeability of 
different kinds of iron and steel ? 

8. In designing an electromagnet, why is it desirable 
to have the magnetic circuit as short as possible ? 

9. What is meant by ampere-turns ? 

10. A coil is wrapped around a piece of iron and a 
gradually increasing current passes through the coil. 
How does the number of lines of force in the iron 
change with the current ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Lectures on the Electromagnet. S. P. Thompson. 

The Electromagnet. S. P. Thompson. 

Magnetism. Houston and Kennelly. 

Chapters IV-VIII. 

A Century of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. 

Chapter III. Oersted’s Discovery and the Electromagnet. 

Short Lectures to Electric Artisans. J. A. Fleming. 

Lectures I-IV. 


(39) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


Periodicals. 

The Electrical Review. London, Vol. 41, p. 680 (Nov. 12 

i8 97 )- A. Jamieson. Twenty-five Years’Development in Mag¬ 
netism. & 


XI. THE TELEGRAPH 

Thompson, Lessons L, LI and LII, Sections ?oi 
302. J ' 

Walmsley , Pages 562-610. 

Houston and Kennelly , Sections 42-46, 49, 51 62 
and 63. 


yunbiioNS 

1. Make diagrams of the sounder and the relay. 

2. Why is the earth used as the return circuit ? 

3. Make a diagram showing how the instruments of 
two stations are connected to the line wire. 

4- In sending, how does a dot differ from a dash ? 

5. Why is it that receiving is now done by ear ? 

6 When an operator opens his key, what audible and 
visible actions take place ? 

7. Why does a submarine cable act differently from 
an air line ? y 


8 . Compare open with closed circuit work 

in a te w offl “ p ™- 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


Electric T,elegraphy. Houston and Kennelly 

Modern Practice of the Electric Telegraph. F L Pone 

American Telegraphy. A. Maver, Jr. 

The Story of the Atlantic Telegraph. H. M Field 


(4°) 








Studies in Applied Electricity 


A Century of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. 

Chapter IV. Who Invented the Electromagnetic Tele¬ 
graph ? 

Chapter V. Multiplex Telegraphy and Submarine Cables. 
What is Electricity ? J. Trowbridge. 

Chapter V. The Flow of Electricity in the Earth. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 44 (Jan. 5, 1901). 
P. B. Delany. The Telegraph. 

Engineering Magazine. Vol. 16, p. 416 (Dec., 1898). Charles 
Bright. Extension of Submarine Telegraphy in a Quarter 
Century. 

Nature. Vol. 55, p. 403 (Feb. 25, 1897). W. E. Ayrton. Sixty 
Years of Submarine Telegraphy. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 629 (Nov. 12, 
1897). R. von Fischer Treuenfeld. Twenty-five Years’ Prog¬ 
ress in Military Telegraphy. 

Vol. 41, p. 678. W. H. Preece. Twenty-five Years of Tele¬ 
graphic Progress. 

Vol., 41, p. 669. C. Bright. The Construction, Laying and 
Repairing of Submarine Telegraphs. 

XII. THE VOLTAIC CELL 

Houston and Kennelly> Leaflets 9, 10, 11, Sections 
76 and 78. 

Thompson , Lessons XIII, XIV, XV, Sections 406 
and 407. 

Walms ley , Pages 26-66 and 289-295. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Examine any cell. What substances form the 
electrolyte, the depolarizer, the negative and the posi¬ 
tive plates respectively ? 

2. Why does not the common gravity cell give a 
large current ? 

3. Why is zinc so generally used in cells ? 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


4. When is it advantageous to join cells in series ? 
When in parallel ? 

5. The two positive poles of two exactly similar cells 
are joined together and also the two negative poles. 
Are these cells joined parallel? How much current 
flows ? 

6 . Given two unlike cells, a galvanometer and con¬ 
necting wires, devise a way of finding which cell has 
the greater E. M. F. 

7. What things determine the greatest current that 
a cell can furnish ? 

8. What is polarization ? What substance causes it ? 
How is it avoided ? 

9. How is a dry cell made ? What advantage has it ? 

10. Why should the zinc of a cell be amalgamated ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Primary Batteries. H. S. Carhart. 

S /l °rt^Lectures to Electric Artisans. ]. A. Fleming. Lecture 

Practical Electricity. W. E. Ayrton. Chapter VI. 

What is Electricity ? J. Trowbridge. Chapter VI. 

A Century of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. Chapter II. 

Periodicals. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 8, p. 131 (Jan., 1895). Henry Morton 
Maximum Possible Efficiency of Galvanic Batteries. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 688 (Nov. 12, 
r 897). T. E. Gatehouse. Twenty-five Years’Retrospect on 
Primary Galvanic Batteries. 

XIII. THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF THE 
CURRENT 

Thompson, Lessons XIX, XLVII and XLIX. 
Walmsley , Pages 296-311 and 467-484. 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


questions 

1. What is meant by electrolyte, electrode, anode, 
kathode, anion and kation ? 

2. When a direct current passes through a solution 
of potassium iodide, what are the kation and anion re¬ 
spectively ? 

3. What are some of the practical uses of electro¬ 
lysis ? 

4. Two strips of copper dip in a tumbler containing 
a solution of copper sulphate. A current passes from 
one strip to the other. What changes take place in 
each strip ? 

5. Can an alloy such as brass be deposited electro- 
lytically ? 

6. Find how surfaces which are to be covered with 
nickel are prepared for plating. 

7. What is a voltameter ? What does it measure ? 

8. Describe the process of electrolyzing. 

9. What are Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis ? 

10. How much copper is deposited by a current of 10 
amperes flowing for a week ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Electric Smelting and Refining. W. Borchers. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 34 (Jan. 5, 1901). 
Carl Hering. Electrochemistry. 

Gassier's Magazine. Vol. 12, p. 226 (June, 1897). F. Overbury. 
Electrochemistry at Niagara Falls. 

Vol. 12, p. 593 (Sept., 1897). T. Ulke. Electric Copper 
Refining in the United States. 

Engineering Magazine. Vol. 15, p. 594 (July, 1898). S. Cowper- 
Coles. Recent Applications of Electrochemistry to the Metal 
Industries. 


(43) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


Vol. 18, p. 389 (Dec., 1899). W. Borchers. Electrolytic 
Processes in Industrial Operations. 

Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 13, p. 625 (1892). 
J. W. Swan. Electrometallurgy. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 637 (Nov. 12, 1897). 
Andreoli. The Progress of Electrochemistry during the 
Last Twenty-five Years. 

Nature. Vol. 58, p. 112 (June 2, 1898). T. Ewan. The Indus¬ 
trial Applications of Electrochemistry. 

XIV. THE STORAGE CELL 

Thompson , Lesson XLVIII, beginning on p. 522. 

Walmsley, Pages 66-89, 54^, 675, 717 and 718. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What advantages have storage cells over primary 
ones ? 

2. Why is it more disastrous to short circuit an accu¬ 
mulator than a primary cell ? 

3- Why do storage cells have an odd number of 
plates ? 

4. How can the positive be distinguished from the 
negative plates ? 

5. What is buckling? Forming? 

6. Why is the heavy metal lead used ? 

7 - For what purposes are storage cells now employed ? 

8. Why cannot primary cells be practically used for 
the same purposes ? 

9. How are storage cells employed in a direct current 
power station ? 

10. Suggest some purposes to which storage cells 
could be applied if their weight could be considerably 
reduced. 


(44) 








Studies in Applied Electricity 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

The Storage Battery . A. Treadwell. 

Electric Lighting. F. 13 . Crocker. Yol. i. 

Chapter XX. Accumulators. Chapter XXI. Application of 
Accumulators in Electric Lighting. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World. Vol. 33, p. 139 (Feb. 4, 1899). J. Appleton. 

Latest Progress in the Application of Storage Batteries. 
Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 38 (Jan. 5, 1901). 
A. Treadwell. The Storage Battery. 

Vol. 37, p. 867 (May 25, 1901). A. E. Kennedy. The Edi¬ 
son Storage Battery. 

American Electrician. Vol. 12, p. 474 (Oct., 1900). E. L. Rey¬ 
nolds. Storage Batteries in Electric Railway Power Stations. 
The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 632 (Nov. 12, 1897). 

Epstein. Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Secondary Batteries. 
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical E?igi- 
neers. Vol. 16, p. 59 (Feb., 1899). R. M. Lloyd. Storage 
Batteries and Railroad Power Stations. Discussion. 


XV. THE PRODUCTION OF CURRENTS BY 

INDUCTION 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflet 16. 

Walmsley y Pages 169-186 and 326-328. 

Thompson , Lessons XVIII, XL, XLI. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Give several methods by which a current can be 
induced. 

2. What is Lenz’s law ? 

3. The north pole of a magnet is thrust into a coil 
of wire whose ends are connected. Does the induced 
current flow so as to make the side of the coil nearest 
the magnet a north or a south pole ? 


(45) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


4. Suppose the ends of the coil are not connected. 
Does the entrance of the magnet produce any effect ? 

5- What are the important parts of the induction 
coil ? 

6. Is the induction coil used for any practical pur¬ 
pose ? 

7 - What is self-induction ? 

8. What is the connection between lines of force 
and the induction of currents ? 

9. How does a spark-coil produce a spark ? 

10. How long does an induced current last ? 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


A £™tury of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. 

Chapter VI. Faraday's Discovery of Induction 
Development of the Dynamo. 

What is Electricity? J. Trowbridge. 

Chapter X. Transformation of Energy. 

Chapter XIII. Self-induction. 


and the 


XVI. THE TELEPHONE 

Walmsley, Pages 610-645. 

Thompson, Lesson LI 11. 

QUESTIONS 

1. In what particulars does the telephone have ad- 
vantages over the telegraph ? 

2. What is it that passes along the wire ? 

3. Explain how sounds are produced in the telephone 

receiver. v 

4. Where and for what purpose is carbon used in the 
transmitter ? 


( 46 ) 









Studies in Applied Electricity 


5. What is the use of the induction coil in the tele¬ 
phone box? 

6. Find how the switchboard at the exchange is 
arranged. 

7. What changes are brought about by removing the 
receiver from its hook ? 

8. Why are two wires used now instead of one wire 
and an earth return as was formerly the case ? 

9. How is the production of induced currents in tele¬ 
phone lines from outside disturbing influence avoided ? 

10. What changes in telephone practice have you 
noticed in recent years ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

American Telephone Practice. K. B. Miller. 

Electric Telephone. Houston and Kennelly. 

A Century of Electricity. T. C. Mendenhall. Chapter IX. 
Telephone Lines and their Properties. W. J. Hopkins. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 33 (Jan. 5, 1901). 
K. B. Miller. Telephony. 

Vol. 37, p. 961 (June 8, 1901). G. De La Touanne. A 
European Study of American Telephone Statistics. 
Engineering Magazine. Vol. 18, p. 550 (Jan., 1900). K. B. 
Miller. Merits of Independent and Industrial Telephone 
Systems. 

Vol. 21, p. 105 (April, 1901). M. I. Pupin. Transatlantic 
Communication by Means of the Telephone. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 658 (Nov. 12, 
1897). J. E. Kingsbury. Twenty-five Years’Development in 
Telephony. 

Scientific American. Vol. 85, p. 24 (July 13, 1901). The Com¬ 
mon Battery Telephone System of the City of New York. 


(47) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


XVII. THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT DYNAMO 

Houston and Kennelly , Sections 19, 158, Leaflets 
17, 18, 19, 20, Sections 120 and 150. 

Thompson , Lesson XLII. 

Walmsley , Pages 186-236. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What things determine the K. M. F. developed by 
a dynamo ? 

2. How is the current produced in a dynamo ? 

3. What is the use of the commutator ? 

4. Why is the armature core laminated ? 

5 . Make diagrams of a series, a shunt and a com¬ 
pound-wound dynamo. 

6 . For what purposes is each of these used ? 

7 - What kind of dynamo gives a constant difference 
of potential at its terminals ? 

8 . How is an arc lighting dynamo made to give a 
constant current ? 

9. How does the turning of the handle of a rheostat 
m the field circuit of a shunt dynamo change the read¬ 
ing of the voltmeter connected to the terminals of the 

dynamo ? 

10. What are the different types of armatures ? 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


Dynamo-Electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. 

hhat is Electricity ? J. Trowbridge. Chapter VIII. 

r pp' c Li S htin S- F. B. Crocker. Vol. i, chapters XVII- 


Dynamo-electru Machines. Direct Current Machines. S 
Sheldon. The last book will be found to be very helpful for 
both continuous current dynamos and motors. 


(48) 








Studies in Applied Electricity 


Periodicals. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 627 (Nov. 12, 1897). 
W. B. Esson. Twenty-five Years of Dynamo-electric Ma¬ 
chinery. 

XVIII. THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT MOTOR 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflets 21, 22, 23, 24. 

Thompson , Lesson XXXII, Sections 443-445. 

Walmsley , Pages 695-708. 

QUESTIONS 

* 

In the following group of questions the word motor 
will be understood to mean continuous current motor. 

1. Why does the armature of a motor rotate ? 

2. Explain the counter electromotive force of a motor. 

3. Suppose the load of a motor to be removed. What 
things set a limit to the speed of rotation of its arma 
ture ? 

4. A motor is working under a load when for some 
reason the current ceases. What objection is there to 
letting the motor remain just as it is until the current 
is again turned on ? 

5. What are the chief uses of the motor ? 

6. An ammeter is put in the circuit of a small series 
motor and the latter is connected directly to the supply 
mains. As the motor speeds up the number of amperes 
falls. Why is this ? 

7. How may a shunt motor on constant potential 
mains be made to run with constant speed under variable 
load ? 

8. How can the direction of rotation of a motor be 
reversed ? 


4c 


( 49 ) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


9. How can the speed of a series motor on constant 
potential mains be regulated ? 

. Ia Wh y is it more important to have resistance in 
circuit at the time of starting with a shunt than with a 
series motor ? 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


Dynamo-electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson 
Dynamo-electric Machines. Direct Current Machines. S 
Sheldon. 

The Electric Motor. Houston and Kennelly. 

Power Transmission by Electricity. P. Atkinson. 

Periodicals. 


Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 37, p. 35 o (March 2, 1901). 
A. D. Adams. Development of Fan Motors. 
mencan Electrician. Vol. 12, p. 167 (April, 1900). Fan Motors 
tor 1900. 


Vol. 13, p. 158 (April, 1901). Fan Motors for 1901. 

Cassui's Magazine. Vol. 7, p. 393 (March, 1895). F. B. Crocker. 
1 he Electric Motor. 


XIX. ALTERNATING CURRENTS 

Houston and Kennelly , Leaflets 30, 31, 32. 

Thompson, Lesson XLIII. 

Walmsley , Pages 425-462. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What is an alternating current ? 

2. In a wire carrying an alternating current is there 
ever a time when there is no current ? 

3. What is the relation between the number of alter- 
nations and the number of cycles per sec. ? 

4 - In dealing with alternating currents what holds 
the same place as resistance with continuous currents ? 


(5°) 









Studies in Applied Electricity 


5. An alternating current is flowing through a coil 
A piece of iron is thrust into the coil. What effect does 
this have upon the strength of the current ? 

6. When can Ohm's Law be applied to calculate 
approximately the strength of an alternating current ? 

7. What is a choking coil and for what is it used ? 

8. What is the power factor of a circuit ? 

9. What is the skin effect ? What causes it ? 

10. What is meant by saying that the current lags 
behind the impressed E. M. F. ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Alternating Electric Currents. Houston and Kennelly. 

Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. Vol. 2. 

Chapter VII. Principles of Alternating Currents. 

Chapter VIII. Principles of Alternating Polyphase Cur¬ 
rents. 

Dynamo-electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. Chapter XXII. 
Alternate Current Working. A. Hay. This book is only 
slightly mathematical, and is written with remarkable clear¬ 
ness. 

The Alternating Current Circuit. W. P. Maycock. 

What is Electricity? J. Trowbridge. Chapter X!. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World. Vol. 15, P- 274 (April 19, 1890). Elihu 
Thomson. Phenomena of Alternating Current Induction. 
Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 33, p. 267 (Mar. 4, 1899). 
Houston and Kennelly. Alternating Currents Twenty-five 
Years Ago and Today. 

Vol. 35, pp. 399, 433 (Mar. 17, 1900). D. C. Jackson. 

Fundamental Ideas of Alternating Currents. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 14* P- 4°6 (Sept., 1898). H. A. Wag¬ 
ner. General Distribution from Electric Central Stations by 
Alternating Currents. 

Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 13, p. 296. J. A. 
Fleming. Electromagnetic Repulsion. 


(50 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


XX. THE ALTERNATOR 

Houston and Kennedy, Leaflets 33 and 34. 
Thompson, Lesson XLIV. 

Walmsley, Pages 236-243, 459-461. 

QUESTIONS 

I How does the current get from the rotating arma¬ 
ture to the external circuit ? 

2. Why do alternators have a separate exciter for the 
field ? 

3. What advantage is there in having the field rotate 
instead of the armature ? 

4. What things determine the number of alterna¬ 
tions per second ? 

5. Why are higher voltages employed with alternat- 
ing than with continuous currents ? 

6. Explain what is meant by saying that two alter¬ 
nators are in phase with one another. 

7. What disadvantage is there in the series winding 
of an alternator armature ? 

8. In the United States what kinds of armatures are 
commonly used in alternators ? 

9. How are arc light alternators made to give a con¬ 
stant current ? 

10. How can you tell an alternator from a continuous 
current dynamo ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Dynamo-electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. Chap. XXIII. 
Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. Vol. 1, pp. 287-289, 33S 
and 339. 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


XXI. THE ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR 

Walmsley , Pages 709-713. 

Thompson , Lesson XLVI. 

Houston and Kennelly , Sections 296-299. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What is a synchronous motor ? 

2. Mention some disadvantages of synchronous mo¬ 
tors. 

3. Give some advantages of induction motors. 

4. Explain how a rotating magnetic field is produced. 

5. Describe the currents generated by diphasers, tri- 
phasers and monocyclic alternators. 

6. What is the difference between mesh and star 
grouping ? 

7. How many wires are used to transmit diphase 
currents ? Triphase ? 

8. What are the rotor and the stator ? 

9. How is the current in the winding of the rotor 
produced ? 

10. Why does the rotor revolve ? 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternating Current Motors . 
S. P. Thompson. 

The Electric Motor. Houston and Kennelly. Chapter IX. 
Dynamo-Electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. Chapter 
XXIV. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 35, pp. 168, 214 (Feb., 
1900). R. D. Mershon. The Polyphase Induction Motor. 
Vol. 37, pp. 957 and 966 (June, 1901). R. D. Mershon. The 
Polyphase Induction Motor for General Power Service. 


(53) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


American Electrician. Vol. 9, p. 204 (June, 1897). E. J. Berg. 
Single Phase Motors. 

Vol. 10, pp. 193, 317, 372, 420 (May-Sept., 1898). A. E. 
Wiener. The Induction Motor. 

Vol. 11, p. 17 (Jan., 1899). E. J. Berg. Alternating Current 
and Synchronous and Induction Motors. 

Vol. 11, p. 63 (Feb., 1899). E. J. Berg. Polyphase and 
Single-phase Alternating Current Induction Motors. 

Vol. 11, p. 121 (Mar., 1899). W. Baxter, Jr. How Energy 
is Transferred from the Primary to the Secondary in Induc¬ 
tion Motors. 

Vol. 12, p. 371 (Aug., 1900). The Polyphase Power Dis¬ 
tributing System of the Deering Harvester Co. 

Vol. 13, p. 158 (April, 1901). Fan Motors for 1901. 

Vol. 13, pp. 87, 132, 190, 238, 307, 362, 407. Lessons in 
Practical Electricity. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 20, p. 327 (Aug., 1901). T. P. Gay¬ 
lord. Alternating Current Power Work. 

XXII. THE ALTERNATING CURRENT 
TRANSFORMER 

Houston and Ke7inelly y Leaflet 35 and Section 
135 - 

Thompson , Lesson XLV and Section 228. 
Walmsley , Pages 673-695, 656 and 668. 

QUESTIONS 

1. For what are transformers used ? 

2. What are the essential parts of transformers ? 

3. What determines the number of volts developed 
in the secondary of a transformer ? 

4. Compare the transformer with the induction coil. 

5. For what purpose and in what direction are the 
iron cores of transformers laminated ? 

6. Does a continuous or an alternating current flow 
in the secondary of a transformer ? 


(54) 






Studies in Applied Electricity 


7. Why do not transformers deliver as much energy 
as they receive ? 

8. How is the current in the secondary produced? 

9. When transformers on a constant potential circuit 
are used to feed incandescent lamps, how are they joined 
to the circuit ? 

10. In a transformer joined to constant potential 
mains, why does more current flow through the primary 
when the lamps joined to the secondary are burning 
than when they are turned off. 

SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

Electric Lighting. F. B. Crocker. Vol. 2, chapter IX. 
Dynamo- electric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. Chapter XXV. 
Transformers. C. D. Haskins. 1892. 

Periodicals. 

American Electrician. Vol. 12, pp. 192, 238, 302, 356, 407, 445, 
499, 54 i, 5 8 3 (1900) : and vol. 13, p. 44. Lessons in Practical 
Electricity. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 647 (Nov. 12, 
1897). J. Swinburne. Transformers. 

XXIII. THE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF 
POWER 

Walmsley , Pages 650-673, 753-754 and 542-552. 
Thompson, Section 447. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What advantages has the transmission of power 
by the electric current over other methods of trans¬ 
mission ? 

2. Why are alternating currents used for long dis¬ 
tance transmission ? 


(55) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


3. Why are high voltages used for long distance 
transmission ? 

4. What economic changes will probably take place 
owing to this method of transmitting energy ? 

5. Where do the losses occur in electric transmission ? 

6. Study the transmission and development of power 
at Niagara Falls. 

7 ; What part does the transformer play in the trans¬ 
mission of power? 

8. What sets a lower limit to the diameter of the 
wire used in transmission systems? What an upper 
limit ? ^ 

9 - What advantages has the three-wire system for 
local power transmission by direct current ? 

10. Find what methods of transmitting energy elec¬ 
trically are used in the town where you live. 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


Electrical Transmission of Energy. A. V. Abbott 
Power Transmitted by Electricity. P. Atkinson. 

The Electric Motor. Houston and Kennedy. Chapter VIII 
Electric Power Transmission. L. Bell. 

Electric Transmission of Energy. G Kapp 
Dynamo-eUrtric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. Chapter XXVI. 
H hat is Electricity ? J. Trowbridge. Chapter XII. 

Periodicals. 

El fZt Worl \ Y°'; 33 ’ P- 1 (J an - 7, 1899). J. E. Woodbridge. 

The Niagara Falls Power Plant. 8 

V°l. 33 , jp. 43 (Jan. 14, 1899). The Power Plant of the 
Niagara rails Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. 

0 • 33 , P- 47 (Jan. 14, 1899 '* The Canadian Power Plant 

I°n'nfV' 76 ,J p an ”• l899) - The DeI * ver y and Distribu¬ 
tion of Niagara Power at Buffalo. 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


Vol. 33, pp. 833,869 (1899), and vol. 34, pp, 77, 1x7, 153, 189, 
225, 265, 409, 569, 999. E. M. Archibald. Canadian Water 
Power Electric Plants. 

Vol. 37, p. 31 (Jan. 5, 1901). L. Bell. Electrical Power 

Transmission. 

Vol. 37, pp. 503 and 593 (March 30, 1901). J. R. Cravath. 
Power Transmission in Utah. 

American Electrician. Vol. 9, p. 205 (1897). L. Bell. Economics 
of Power Transmission. 

Vol. 9, p. 211, Electricity at Niagara Falls. This periodical for 
Jan. and Feb., 1900, contains several finely illustrated articles 
upon the Niagara power system. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 8 (1895). The July number has about 
200 pages upon the Niagara system, finely illustrated. 

Vol. 11, p. 104 (Dec., 1896). L. Duncan. Power Transmis¬ 
sion by Alternating Currents. 

Vol. 12, p. 3 (May, 1897). J. E. Bennett. Electric Power 
from High Water Heads. 

Vol. 12, p. 145 (June, 1897). A. B. Blainey. Electric Power 
at High Altitudes. 

Vol. 15, p. 331 (March, 1899). A. O. Dubsky. The Rome- 
Tivoli Electric Installation. 

Vol. 17, p. 3 (Nov., 1899). J. A. Lighthipe. An 83-Mile 
Electric Power Transmission Plant. 

Vol. 17, p. 113 (Dec., 1899). L. Bell. Practical Limitations 
of Electric Power Transmission. 

Vol. 20, p. 3 (May, 1901). H. W. Buck. Niagara Falls 
Power. 

Engineering Magazine. Vol. 15, p. 1011 (March, 1898). F. C. 
Finkle. The Electric Development of Hydraulic Power. 

Vol. 17, p. 778 (Aug., 1899). E. Bignami. The Utilization 
of the Water Powers of Italy. 

Vol. 17, p. 827 (Aug., 1899). J. Swinburne. Short Distance 
Electric Power Distribution. 

Vol. 17, p. 953 (Sept., 1899). T. Tonge. Electricity in the 
Mines at Cripple Creek. 

Vol. 18, p. 69 (Oct., 1899). L. Bell. Electric Power in 
Engineering Works. 

Vol. 18, p. 169 (Nov., 1899). L. Bell. Electric Power Dis¬ 
tribution and the Small Consumer. 

Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 1 5 > P- 269* ^ 

Martin. The Utilization of Niagara. 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. 148, p. 161 (Sept., 1899). 
B. C. Washington, Jr. Water Power Electrical Plants in the 
United States. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 652 (Nov. 12, 1897). 
R. Kennedy. Twenty-five Years of Transmission of Power 
by Electricity. 

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. P. 207 (1896). 
L. Duncan. Present Status of the Transmission and Distribu¬ 
tion of Electrical Energy. P.223. T. C. Martin. The Utiliza¬ 
tion of Niagara. 

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 
Vol. 15, p. 673 (June, 1898). C. F. Scott. High Voltage Power 
Transmission. 


XXIV. THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY 

Thompson, Section 446. 

Walmsley , Pages 713-747. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Trace the path of the current from the power house, 
through the line and the car back to the power house. 

2. Describe the structure of the controller. 

3. How are the incandescent lamps in the car con¬ 
nected ? 

4 What is a running point on the controller? 

5 - What advantages has electric traction over other 
systems ? 

6. What changes in the distribution of population 
has electric traction brought about ? 

7 - Why are metal pipes laid in the ground near 
electric railways corroded ? 

8. What kind of motors are used on electric railways ? 

9 - If possible visit a power house. 

10. How are the rails of the track electrically con¬ 
nected ? J 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 

Books. 

The Electric Street Railway. Houston and Kennelly. 

Power Transmitted by Electricity. P. Atkinson. 

Power Distribution for Electric Railroads. L. Bell. 

Modern Electric Railway Motors. G. T. Hanchett. 

The Electric Railway. Crosby and Bell. 

Periodicals. 

Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 31, pp. 23, 67 (Jan. 1, 1898). 
L. Bell. Some Difficulties of Heavy Electric Railroading. 
Vol. 31, p. 21 (Jan. 1, 1898). A. Blondel. Remarks upon 
Long Distance Transmission for Electric Traction. 

Vol. 31, pp. 21 and 65 (Jan. 1, 1898.) H. P. Brown. The 
Evolution of the Railbond. 

Vol. 31, p. 20 (Jan. 1, 1898). C. P. Steinmetz. Use of 
Polyphase Motors on Electric Railroads. 

Vol. 37, p. 82 (Jan. 12, 1901). Behrend and Wessling. The 
Future of the Electric Railway. 

Cassier's Magazine. Vol. 16, for Aug., 1899, contains about 300 
pages treating the electric railway from many points of view. 
The articles are well illustrated. 

Vol. 20, p. 75 (May, 1901). C. F. Bancroft. Electric Dis¬ 
tribution for Street Railways. 

Engineering Magazine. Vol. 15, p. 811 (Aug., 1898). Davis 
and Forbes. The Application of Alternating Currents to Elec¬ 
tric Traction. 

Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. 147, pp. 315, 344 (1899). 
E. E. Higgins. Some of the Larger Transportation Problems 
in Cities. 

The Street Railway Journal. Vol. 15, for Oct., 1899, has a 
series of articles describing the railroads in different countries. 
Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 56, pp. 316, 409 and 564 (Jan.- 
March, 1900). Wm. Baxter, Jr. What Makes a Trolley Car Go ? 
Vol., 56, p. 357 (Jan., 1900). H. S. Wynkoop. Destructive 
Effects of Vagrant Electricity. 

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engi¬ 
neers. Vol. 15, p. 427 (June, 1898). Power Transmission and 
Distribution for Railway Work. 

The Electrical Review. London, vol. 41, p. 676 (Nov. 12, 1897). 
P. Dawson. Twenty-five Years of Electric Traction. 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


XXV. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY 
Walmsley , Pages 462-466. 

Thompson , Lessons LIV and LV. 

For the recent developments of wireless telegraphy 
the reader is referred to the Supplementary Readings. 


Books. 


SUPPLEMENTARY READING 


Wireless Telegraphy Popularly Explained. R. Kerr. 

Signalling Through Space without Wires. O. Lodge. 

A History of Wireless Telegraphy. J. J. Fahie. 

Modern Views of Electricity. O. Lodge. Part IV. Radia¬ 
tion. 

What is Electricity f J. Trowbridge. Chapters XIV-XIX. 
Periodicals. 


Electrical World and Engineer. Vol. 33, pp. 616, 652, 701, 749 
802 (May and June, 1899). A. V. Abbott. Electric Radiation’ 
Vol. 37, p. 37 (Jan. 5) 1901). A. V. Abbott. Wireless Tel- 
egraphy. 

Engineering Magazine. Vol. 18, p. 746 (Feb., 1900). P. B De- 
lany. The Development of Wireless Telegraphy. 

Proceedings of the Royal Institution. Vol. 13, p 77 (March 
1890). G. F. FitzGerald. Electromagnetic Radiation. 

Western Electrician. Vol. 25, p. 213 (Oct. 14, 1899). Marconi 
and His Wireless-Telegraph System at the International 
Yacht Races of 1899. 

Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 56, p. 59 (Nov., 1899). T. Trow- 
bridge. Wireless Telegraphy. 

Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1896. P. 23- S p 
Thompson. Telegraphy across Space. 

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 

Vol. 16, p. 635 (Nov., 1899). The Possibilities of Wireless 
Telegraphy. 


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Reading Courses in Elec¬ 
tricity: Some Suggestions 

by ELI HU THOMSON 


(6t) 

























































- 














- 















Reading Courses in Elec¬ 
tricity: Some Suggestions 

by ELIHU THOMSON 


Dr. Elihu Thomson ranks with the greatest 
electrical engineers of the world. Born in Eng¬ 
land, of Scotch-English parentage, he has since 
childhood resided in this country. Upon his 
graduation from the Central High School of Phila¬ 
delphia in 1870, he became a member of its fac¬ 
ulty. The last twenty years have been dedi¬ 
cated to practical work as electrician for the 
American Electric Company, later known, as the 
Thomson-Houston Company. This in turn con¬ 
solidated with the Edison General Electric Com¬ 
pany in 1892, forming the General Electric Com¬ 
pany, in which Dr. Thomson is still active as in¬ 
ventor and general consulting engineer. More 
than five hundred patents have been obtained 
for inventions, some of which have revolu¬ 
tionized certain lines of manufacture. These 
include the Thomson system of electric weld¬ 
ing. His recording watt-metre divided with one 
other competitor the first prize awarded by 
the Paris Commission of 1890. Honorary de¬ 
grees were conferred upon him by Tufts College 
and Yale University, and in one year, 1889, he 
received the three-fold distinction of an election 
to the presidency of the American Institute of 
Electrical Engineers, the order of Officer of the 
Legion of Honor and the award of the Grand 
Prix for apparatus exhibited at the Paris Exposi¬ 
tion. 


I n order to reap full benefit from a course of 
reading in applied science there is needed first 
of all a certain background of experience or con¬ 
tact with the realities dealt with. The study from 


, (63) 







The Booklovers Reading Club 


books should properly be supplemental to the 
training in the laboratory or workshop, using these 
latter terms in their broadest sense. To be able 
justly to interpret the printed page bearing upon 
technical subjects demands acquaintance with 
actual operations upon which the imagination of 
the reader may build. Our power to adopt the 
experience of others at its true value depends 
upon the possession of like experience of our own. 
We interpret a picture of a landscape, for ex¬ 
ample, by our actual knowledge of similar scenes 
supplying the lacking third dimension which gives 
depth, distance or stereoscopic character. The 
same principle holds in our reading, more particu¬ 
larly when it relates to real objects of sense. 
There would be no need for the elaborate labo¬ 
ratory equipments of our schools and universities 
if we could afford to neglect the conditions above 
related. 

It is true also that to be well informed today, 
to possess culture in the modern sense, involves a 
certain familiarity with the results of science and 
the methods of investigation employed in its pur¬ 
suit. Perhaps this is the natural offset to the 
waning interest in ancient classical literature and 
bygone superstitions. Moreover, the study of the 
sciences is so closely linked with the enormous 
modern development of engineering and the in¬ 
dustries founded thereon, that, from the utilitarian 
aspect alone its increasing importance is manifest. 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


The modern man of business is the better equipped 
if he has in him something of the engineer, and 
the engineer today must often combine in himself 
the qualities of the successful business man. The 
ever-widening field of applied science, devoid of 
stagnation, has a great fascination for active, pro¬ 
gressive minds. Need we say that applied elec¬ 
tricity is a striking example ? Broadly, the study 
of electricity is part of the border field of physical 
science, and earnest reading concerning its im¬ 
portant applications presupposes a general knowl¬ 
edge of physical and chemical principles. W ithout 
this the interest of the reader is likely to be 
checked, at times, in spite of his earnest purpose. 

The necessity of care in the selection of reading 
need scarcely be pointed out. There are many 
books in existence which deal with the entertaining 
and fascinating, which display the goings-on in the 
modern fairyland of electricity, or which relate in 
a popular, and it may be in an artistic way, the 
more striking or astonishing achievements. They 
hardly form the basis of serious study yet as an 
entertainment they are to be welcomed it the 
common faults of substituting fiction for fact and 
using exaggeration as a stimulus are absent. They 
may possibly engender an interest leading after¬ 
ward to closer and deeper study ; as a tree begins 
its growth in the lighter surface-soil before taking- 
root in the firmer earth beneath. Another con¬ 
siderable class of books on applied electricity can 


5 C 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 

only be mentioned for condemnation. They are 
padded volumes, compilations from trade cata¬ 
logues with illustrations such as are most readily 
to be found at hand ; the text, when original, is 
generally poor and the whole work unintelligent 
and slipshod. Such books being made only to sell 
to the unwary, are to be avoided, however widely 
advertised. Promising titles such as Electric Mo¬ 
tors and All About Them in the shape of small vol 
umes of coarse print sufficiently characterize such 
productions. Luckily fewer of them now exist 
than formerly. 

In beginning a course of reading the guidance 
of those who are familiar with actual practical 
work will be almost essential. The student, earnest 
in purpose, will need some standard volume de¬ 
voted to the fundamental principles and facts in 
electricity and magnetism, as a preparation for 
subsequent works dealing more particularly with 
the uses and applications. The habit of close 
thinking and thoroughness becomes easy by prac¬ 
tice. Matters at first seemingly difficult, or de¬ 
manding effort to comprehend, should be atten¬ 
tively studied. Half knowledge is frequently 
synonymous with false knowledge. 

To avoid the unconscious absorption of obsolete 
ideas, the most profitable reading for a beginner 
will be found in the later or newer books or edi¬ 
tions, particularly those published within the past 
ten years. Afterward he may turn with interest 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


and pleasure to the older standard works, or to 
the many books and papers in which may be traced 
the evolution of the science and its applications. 
Should he then fail to meet much to broaden, in¬ 
spire and assist him to an understanding of the 
mission of science, the fault will be in himself 
He could not fail to conceive a certain deep 
respect and admiration for the early workers who, 
despite meagre facilities and many obstacles, did 
so much to lay the foundations for the enormous 
progress in later years ; a progress which has 
already had a most profound influence in im¬ 
proving the conditions of human existence. 


(67) 







The Study ^Electrical 
Engineering: A Ten-Minuie 

Talk by EDWIN J. HOUSTON 


(69) 









The Study ^Electrical 

Engineering: A Ten-Minule 

Talk by EDWIN J. HOUSTON 


Dr. Edwin James Houston began his pro¬ 
fessional career as a teacher of physics in the 
Boys’ High School, of Philadelphia. In collabo¬ 
ration with Dr. Elihu Thomson, who was then 
his colleague in the High School, he has played 
an important part in the development of electri¬ 
cal appliances in the United States. The Thom- 
son-Houston system of electric lighting was the 
beginning of a long series of important inven¬ 
tions which are familiar under the joint name to 
electrical engineers. Dr. Houston was chief elec¬ 
trical engineer of the International Electrical Ex¬ 
position of 1884, and for two successive years 
held the presidency of the American Institute of 
Electrical Engineers. He is now a consulting 
engineer in Philadelphia in partnership with Dr. 
Arthur E. Kennedy. Dr. Houston is the author 
of a large number of works on electricity and 
general and geographical physics. His recent 
books have been written in collaboration with Dr. 
Kennedy. The most important of these joint 
works are the Electro-Technical Series of ten 
volumes, the Electrical Engineering Leaflets of 
three volumes, and Recent Types of Dynamo- 
Electric Machinery. 


T here is no subject of greater practical indus¬ 
trial importance at the present time than ap¬ 
plied electricity. It forms a large and ever-widen¬ 
ing branch of applied physical science or engineer¬ 
ing. The great and striking change in the modern 
methods of production and manufacture, by con- 









The Booklovers Reading Club 


trast with the methods which existed in past 
centuries, lies in the development and use of ma¬ 
chines and machinery, whereby muscular power 
has become superseded by mechanical power. In 
other words, the machine tool has replaced the 
human hand. The machine tool can operate not 
only more swiftly and certainly than the hand, 
but also more powerfully and without fatigue. 
Broadly speaking, mechanical power can be elec¬ 
trically transmitted to a distance from its point of 
generation more cheaply, effectively and con¬ 
veniently than by any other known means; 
and it is, probably, largely for this reason that 
eiectrical processes and systems of operation 
have made such rapid strides during the past few 
decades. In addition to the transmission of elec¬ 
tric power, either for the purpose of transmitting 
intelligence or of driving machinery, there are 
numerous electrical processes of chemical, ther¬ 
mal, magnetic and miscellaneous natures which 
are of great industrial importance. In fact, the 
age in which we now live may be regarded as the 
electric age by contrast with pre-existing epochs. 

It becomes, therefore, of the greatest importance 
that not only electrical engineers should be thor¬ 
oughly versed in the fundamental laws of electri¬ 
city and in their practical applications, but even 
that all educated men should be generally ac¬ 
quainted with the outlines of electromagnetic 
science. 


(7 2) 





Studies in Applied Electricity 


It is now no longer correct to say that either 
electricity or electrical engineering is in its infancy. 
As a matter of fact, although the applications of 
electricity may, perhaps, be infantile by comparison 
with what the future may develop and witness, 
yet applied electricity has advanced so rapidly 
in the past thirty years that it is at least abreast 
of civil and mechanical engineering. Dynamo- 
electric machines, up to sizes of several thousands 
of horse-power, can be designed and constructed 
which shall operate within very closely predeter¬ 
mined and guaranteed limits in commercial ser¬ 
vice, as to speed, output, regulation, heating and 
other essential particulars. No science can be 
said to be in an immature or infantile condition 
which enables such results to be commercially 
effected as matters of everyday experience. 
Strange as it may seem, although the fundamen¬ 
tal nature of electricity remains in dispute, yet the 
science of applied electricity affords a higher de¬ 
gree of commercial accuracy ol measurement 
and pre-determination than any of the sister 
sciences in their commercial applications. 

If the student ot applied electricity would rise 
above the rank of a mere empiricist, acquainted 
with the practical application of some particular 
piece of electrical mechanism, it is absolutely 
necessary that he should familiarize himself by 
study and labor with the fundamental principles 
which underlie all electrical phenomena. Although 


( 73 ) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


by such labor the descent from the general to the 
particular is protracted and deferred, yet when 
such descent is rendered possible in the natural 
course and development of his study, the mental 
grasp and effectiveness of his comprehension will 
be far greater and far more useful than if a 
shorter cut to knowledge had been attempted. It 
is for this reason that an adequate study of elec¬ 
tricity must necessarily be a slow and laborious 
one, commencing with the fundamental principles 
of the science and gradually expanding towards 
practical developments of it. There is no royal 
road to learning, and in this, as in all other de¬ 
partments of human activity, ample labor must 
be expended for an ample return. 

The tendency of electrical engineering and 
technology is towards a closer union with, and 
not a differentiation from, mechanical engineering 
and general technology. It is true that in order 
to acquire proficiency in this particular depart¬ 
ment, special and detailed attention must be de¬ 
voted to purely electrical and magnetic principles 
and their application ; but the highest utility and 
application of those principles are obtained only 
by judicious union with mechanical engineering 
and its application, since in their highest develop- 
ment all branches of technology unite on com¬ 
mon ground, and each department should be 
studied with reference to ultimate combination 
with the remaining departments, since isolation 


( 74 ) 





Studies in Applied Electricity 


necessarily involves wastefulness of effort and 
opposition to the best needs of the community. 

The science of electricity was formerly divided 
into the branches of high-tension and low-tension 
electricity, obtained from the frictional electric 
machine and the voltaic battery, respectively, 
while magnetism was similarly divided into per¬ 
manent magnetism and electromagnetism. At 
the present time, however, these various branches 
are so intimately interconnected, both theoreti¬ 
cally and practically, that it is no longer possible 
to maintain a sharp line of division between them. 
Electricity can no longer properly be studied from 
a divided high-tension and low-tension standpoint, 
since electrical circuits are scarcely to be differenti¬ 
ated along such narrowly drawn theoretical lines. 
Moreover, magnetics and electrics are now so 
closely correlated that it is impossible to obtain 
manifestation of one without producing phe¬ 
nomena of the other, and the tendency is to 
unite these two sets of phenomena more and 
more closely. In fact, the outcome of latter- 
day physical progress has been to show that 
in the future electricity and magnetism are mere 
departments of one great science of energy, 
and that thermal, luminous, mechanical, electric 
and magnetic phenomena are multiform manifes¬ 
tations of energy in varied aspects, appealing to 
our different organs of sensation, in accordance 
with their own inherent peculiarities. 


(75) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


It is commonly but erroneously supposed that 
electrical study is essentially a mathematical 
study. That this is an error is shown by the fact 
that some of the greatest workers in electricity, 
such as Faraday, or, in its applications, as Edison,* 
have not been skilled mathematicians. On the 
other hand, however, inasmuch as the universe, 
as we find it, is exact in all the relations of its 
parts and obeys accurate quantitative laws, it fol- 
lowsthatany part of the natural phenomena of the 
universe, such as electricity, is subject to the 
common law of mathematics or quantitative re¬ 
lationship, and that such relationships naturally 
tall into the department of mathematics for their 
study and appreciation. Consequently, any deep- 
seated study of electricity or electrical pro¬ 
cesses must involve a knowledge of quantita¬ 
tive relationships, and, by consequence, at least a 
certain amount of mathematics; but the funda¬ 
mental truths and laws of natural knowledge, or 
of electricity in particular, do not necessarily 
require mathematics for their expression. 

The practical application of electricity may be 
divided into two broad classes; namely, the 
transmission of power and the transformation of 
power. The transmission of power covers not 
only such large fields of industrial utility as elec¬ 
tric street-car driving or the transmission of 
electrical power from water-powers, as that of 
Niagara , but also cases where the power transmit- 


( 76 ) 





Studies in Applied Electricity 


ted is minute, though highly differentiated in its 
capabilities, as in electrical transmission of power 
for carrying speech in telephony, or carrying 
communication, as in telegraphy, either with or 
without wires. The transformation of power by 
electricity covers not only such cases of industrial 
application as electric lighting, but also electro¬ 
chemistry, electric heating and electric storage. 
Under one or other of these two fundamental 
classes every industrial application of electricity 
may be grouped. 

The main object of the electric transmission of 
power is to obtain either the power itself at a 
point distant from the place ot generation, as in 
the operation of distant electric motors, or to ob¬ 
tain some particular electric utility at a distance, 
as in the telephonic transmission of speech. The 
main object of the electric transformation of power 
is to obtain one or another of the many useful 
effects which electricity is capable of producing, 
under special conditions, where that effect will 
be commercially useful. 

In every industrial application, either ot the 
transmission or of the transformation of electric 
power, the object is to produce a given desired 
result more cheaply or conveniently than the 
same result could be obtained without the use ot 
this peculiar form of energy. As distinguished 
from this industrial aim it must not be forgotten 
that the study of electricity or even ot applied 


(77) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


electricity does not necessarily involve the ques- 
tion of. economics. 

It should be the object of the student to 
acquaint himself thoroughly with the fundamen¬ 
tal principles of electromagnetics, as the common 
basis upon which all departments of electrical 
applications necessarily rest, and then to take up 
the study of the details and practical considera¬ 
tions of some particular application, with which it 
is his intention to familiarize himself. The range 
of practical and industrial applications is now so 
wide that it is preferable for a student to 
familiarize himself with the details of a single 
branch of industry rather than to seek a more 
generalized acquaintance with a number of them. 
It would, however, be a great mistake to attempt 
the study of the practical details of any line of 
application without first having mastered the 
broad principles of the science. 




(78) 





The Equipment of the 
Electrical Engineer: A 

Talk by CARL HERING 


( 79 ) 































































































The Equipment of the 
Electrical Engineer: A 

Talk by CARL HERING 


After a post-graduate course at Darmstadt, 
Germany, and receiving the degree of M.E. from 
the University of Pennsylvania (1887), Mr. Carl 
Hering returned for several years to his Alma 
Mater as instructor. His practical work in elec¬ 
trical engineering has been done in Frankfort, 
Paris and Philadelphia. He now resides in the 
latter city. He writes for technical periodicals and 
for some years has contributed the “Digest of 
Electrical Literature” to the weekly issues of the 
Electrical World. His publications include: 
Principles of Dynamo-Electric Machines , Re¬ 
cent Progress in Electric Railways and a volumi¬ 
nous report for the United States Government on 
Electricity at the Paris Universal Exposition 
of 1889. Mr. Hering was president of the Ameri¬ 
can Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1900, and 
represented the Institute at the Paris Exposition. 
He has been a delegate of the United States 
Government to foreign exhibitions and con 
gresses, he was a member of the electrical jury of 
the Export Exposition held in Philadelphia in 
1899, and he served as chairman of the electrical 
jury of the Pan-American Exposition. 


T here are at least two occasions in a young 
man’s life when he should take the great- 
est possible care in making a proper choice, as a 
mistake made at those critical periods may seri¬ 
ously injure, if not ruin, the career of even the 


6c 


(81) 










The Booklovers Rea ding Club 

most promising young man. One of these is 
when he makes his choice of the profession or 
vocation to which he is best suited, and the other 
is when he makes his choice of the wife who is 
best suited to him. There are few things in a 
man s later life that are sadder than to realize 
when too late, that he could have done much 
better had he been more careful in the proper 
selection of his life’s work. 

There was a time, not many years ago, when 
the development in the science and application of 
electricity was so rapid that very many young 
men decided to become electricians, some because 
ey really had a taste for it, others merely be-' 
cause they thought they could amass fortunes 
most rapidly in that profession or business. The 
natural result is that there are now more so-called 
electricians or electrical engineers than are needed. 
But as in all professions or trades, there is al 
ways room for those who really have a liking for 
it and sufficient ambition and energy to perfect 
themselves in it. The young man in making his 
choice should therefore consider whether he has 
sufficient ambition, mental ability and persever- 
nnce to stand a chance of competing successfully 
with others who are laboring in the same field 

. L f US , Se , e what a ^udent of electrical engineer¬ 
ing has before him. Not many years ago it was 
a common saying that “ electricity is in its infancy” 
and it was not difficult at that time, by compara- 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


tively little reading and study, to learn a great 
part of what was known about the science of elec¬ 
tricity, at least as far as its practical applications 
were concerned. But that time is past. A vast 
amount of knowledge about electricity and its 
properties has now been accumulated, much more 
than any one man could acquire in a lifetime, and 
to do well in his chosen profession a student of 
electrical engineering must, therefore, at the start 
be willing to do much studying and reading. 
Otherwise he can never expect to become more 
than a wireman or dynamo tender whose work 
day after day is the same. He who thinks that 
electricity is still in its infancy and that he can 
therefore get along with a smattering of a few of 
the first principles, will soon find that he has made 
a great mistake. 

The quickest and most thorough way to acquire 
the necessary education as an electrical engineer 
in the broadest sense, is to take a complete course 
in some good college, and to include as much 
mathematics, mechanics, physics and chemistry, 
with laboratory and shop practice, as time and 
strength permit. But those who are not so for¬ 
tunate as to be able to take a college course, need 
not despair, as they can, with patience, acquire 
much of the same knowledge by judicious reading 
and home study, although the absence of the in¬ 
structor and of laboratory facilities will lengthen 
the time somewhat. 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


First of all he should get a general insight into 
the subject, by reading some good books of a 
general and introductory character without much 
theory or mathematics. If this interests him, he 
should then read books of a higher order on elec¬ 
tricity, but not yet the more advanced treatises. 
At the same time he should get a general knowl¬ 
edge of elementary algebra, trigonometry, plane 
geometry, mechanics, physics and chemistry. He 
should by all means not neglect to familiarize 
himself perfectly with the meaning of curves 
drawn on a system of coordinates, and he should 
know how to plot such curves. This is so simple 
and so easy to understand and is so much used at 
present, that it ought to be taught in all prepara¬ 
tory schools. Nor should he fail to familiarize 
himself with the use of that valuable and indis¬ 
pensable little tool, the “slide-rule.” It takes but 
a short time to understand its use and after some 
practice the student, and especially the practical 
engineer, will feel it a hardship to go back to the 
use of paper and pencil for making his calcula- 
tions. 

This preliminary course of reading should be 
accompanied by as much practical work as pos¬ 
sible. If the student is at the time engaged in some 
electrical establishment, he will have opportunities, 
if he seeks them, of watching and perhaps assisting 
his superiors. If he is not so engaged a few bat¬ 
teries and crude instruments at home will be of 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


great value in carrying out some of the experi¬ 
ments described in his books. 

After the above-mentioned preliminary course 
of reading, the student is ready for the more ad¬ 
vanced works on electricity and the closely allied 
subjects. As the subject of alternating currents 
requires a knowledge of no small amount of 
mathematics, he should not fail to study the latter 
even if it is not a pleasure. If he is not able to 
study the higher mathematics, he will have to make 
up his mind to have as little as possible to do with 
the design and construction of alternating current 
machinery and systems of transmission and dis¬ 
tribution and to limit himself to such branches as 
continuous current systems, telegraphy and teleph¬ 
ony, electrochemistry, etc. 

Too much stress cannot be laid on the import¬ 
ance of a thorough knowledge of some of the 
fundamental principles of science in general and 
of this one in particular, as many of them are con¬ 
stantly met with in practice. The man who gets 
his knowledge from books alone, is too apt to 
undervalue these fundamental principles. He 
often spends much time, labor and money trying 
to do that which is impossible. Among these may 
be mentioned electrical perpetual motions, such 
as machine batteries, which give out more energy 
than is put into them. Much time has also been lost 
trying to devise continuous current machines with¬ 
out commutators, which a knowledge of the under- 


(85) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


lying principles would at once have shown to be 
inoperative. There are many of these impossible 
problems on which much valuable time and energy 
are wasted, chiefly by those who do not understand 
or do not accept the fundamental principles, like 
that of the conservation of energy. There are 
also other problems which, though not necessarily 
impossible, have nevertheless baffled the ablest 
men for years. Among these are the direct gen¬ 
eration of electricity from fuel, without the inter¬ 
vention of the wasteful steam engine ; or the direct 
production of light from electrical energy. The 
student should remember that some of the greatest 
minds have been at work at these problems for 
years, and that he had, therefore, better leave them 
to those who have been able to study the many 
principles involved more thoroughly than he has. 
He would be likely to accomplish more by devoting 
himself to regular engineering work. 

In selecting books on electrical subjects, the 
student should in general choose the later ones, 
as so much progress has been made, and so many 
new terms, expressions and ways of conceiving 
and dealing with certain phenomena have come 
into use that books written a number of years ago 
are apt to be out of date. If he began with such 
books he would not only have greater difficulty in 
understanding the subject, but he would probably 
have to unlearn much that he had learned. He 
will find some of the best and newest reading 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


matter in the journals, but they should only be 
used to supplement the regular treatises, and not 
to supplant them. Moreover, he should prefer 
books which are intended for self-study, as distin¬ 
guished from those which are intended to be 
accompanied by the personal guidance of an in¬ 
structor. 

Books on mathematics should preferably be 
such as are intended for electrical engineers and 
which dwell more particularly on those problems 
which arise in his work. A word might here be 
added concerning formulae and algebra. Many 
who have not studied algebra look upon formulae 
and simple algebraic expressions as something 
which only college students and professors can 
understand. This is entirely erroneous ; a formula 
is merely a “rule” expressed in a much simpler 
way than is possible by the use of language. In 
most cases one has merely to substitute for the 
letters in a formula, the numerical values of a par 
ticular problem, and these, after the necessary 
mathematical calculations are made, give the result 
sought. The student will make a great mistake 
if he thinks formulae and elementary algebra are 
too difficult to understand ; they are really easier 
to work with than what they replace. 

Many people think that studying a science is 
merely a storing of information in the mind, just 
as we store books in our library. This would put 
us on a par with mere parrots, who can repeat 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


just what they have been taught, but nothing more. 
True study, at least of the engineering profession, 
is much more than this—it is not only a storing of 
information, but it is, and perhaps more largely, 
a mental training or mental gymnastics. It should 
develop our thinking qualities and teach us how 
to think, rather than give us the information itself; 
the latter is best found and kept in our books of 
reference. The problems which we meet with in 
practice are seldom the same as those worked out 
in our books of instruction, and the student who 
has studied like a parrot will therefore be much 
less able to solve such practical problems than 
the one who has taught and trained himself 
to think. It is therefore unnecessary for the 
student of engineering to try to remember all 
he reads. It is much more important that he 
should understand it and be able to apply it in 
practice. It may often be more difficult to under¬ 
stand something than to remember it, but this 
should not discourage him ; let him, in such cases, 
pass it by for the time, and come back to it again 
after he has read on. In the same way it is often 
of advantage to go back to a book which one has 
read some time ago, and read it again, especially 
if it was difficult to understand on first reading. 

While it is true that the field of the electrical 
engineer is so large that he should limit himself 
to special branches, yet the student who begins 
his studies should not specialize too soon. It will 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


be much better for him to get a general knowledge 
of the whole field first. The true specialist is one 
who has given special but not necessarily exclusive 
attention to a certain limited field, and the student 
ought therefore not to begin to specialize too much 
until after he has a very good general knowledge. 

Although the number of electricians and elec¬ 
trical engineers is, perhaps, greater than the 
demand, there is, as in all other professions or 
vocations, “ always room at the top.” Those who 
are really interested in the subject and are willing 
to study need, therefore, not hesitate to enter the 
field even if it seems overcrowded. But to believe 
that there still is little known about electricity, and 
that this little is easily learned, is a very grave 
error. The student who adopts this profession 
should understand that it is by no means the 
easiest one to study, and if he does not take con¬ 
siderable interest in it he will make a great mistake 
to select it. 

A few words might be added here concerning 
the present and future of the different branches 
of electrical engineering. Dynamo building has 
already become an exact science ; to design and 
construct dynamos, motors and transformers which 
could compete with the best, requires a very large 
amount of study, particularly in the case of alter¬ 
nating current machinery. The dynamo and trans¬ 
former are highly developed products and improve¬ 
ments in them, other than in details, will probably 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 

be made only by the most capable engineers. In 
the development of accessories the field is more 
open. One of the most promising fields for the 
coming electrical engineer is in the design, erec¬ 
tion and operation of installations. The transmis¬ 
sion of power by electricity at present is one which 
otters many inducements to designing, construct¬ 
ing and managing engineers. Electric traction of 
a light order will no doubt continue its phenom¬ 
enal development. The supplanting of steam by 
electric traction on the present steam railroads 
and on new lines, is at present in the balance ; but 
it is not unlikely that important developments may 
be expected, though it may be slow. Telegraphy in 
this country is entirely in the hands of a few lame 
companies who do not seem to take much interest 
in improvements and developments, and there is 
dierefore little encouragement to enter this field 
Telephony is a field by itself in which there is open 
competition and therefore one in which there are 
opportunities. Of all the branches of electric en¬ 
gineering, that which is at present the youngest 
and least developed, and which seems to be the 
one in which most rapid strides can be expected is 
electrochemistry. It is at the same time the one 
concerning which there is least known and there¬ 
fore most to be learned. There is also a want of 
loroughly trained electrochemists. Unfortun- 
ately however, for the electrical engineer, this 
e d belongs more to the chemist than to the elec- 


M 








Studies in Applied Electricity 


trical engineer, as an electrochemist needs to study 
more about chemistry than about electricity. 

Among the great and epoch making problems 
which are still to be solved is the direct conversion 
of energy as we find it into electrical energy, with¬ 
out the intervention of the necessarily wasteful 
steam engine. At present a recovery of only 
20 per cent., or one-fifth, of the energy of coal, as 
mechanical or electrical energy, is considered good; 
half of this is no doubt above the average. The 
other problem is the economical production of 
light; a loss of 90 to 95 per cent, is probably less 
than the present average in practice. The firefly 
can do it; why should we not be able to find out 
how ? These problems, however, have received the 
best attention of the ablest minds for years, and 
the student will therefore do better to leave them 
to those who, at least, know how it cannot be 
done. 



(9O 






































































































































































































































































































































Helpful Hints to the Students 

of Electrical Engineering 

by ARTHUR V. ABBOTT, C. E. 


(93) 












Helpful Hints to the Students 
of Electrical Engineering 

by ARTHUR V. ABBOTT, C. E. 


Mr. Arthur Vaughan Abbott was graduated 
from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and at 
once entered the service of the city of New York 
as civil engineer. For seven years he was a 
member of the engineering staff of the East River 
bridge. He then filled several important posi¬ 
tions as a constructing electrical engineer and in 
1892 accepted his present position as chief engi¬ 
neer of the Chicago Telephone Company. Mr. 
Abbott is a prominent member of the American 
Institute of Electrical Engineers and is the author 
of The Electrical Transmission of Energy; The 
Evolution of the Switchboard; History and Use 
of Testing Machines , and a Treatise on Fuel. 


he most famous living electrician, Lord Kel- 



X vin, is accredited with saying that “ the best 
electrical engineers are good mechanics who have 
gained a smattering of electricity.” Certainly 
Lord Kelvin had no intention of underrating the 
value to science of the researches of such pro¬ 
found mathematicians as Maxwell, Thompson and 
Heaviside, or of decrying his own matchless in¬ 
vestigations ; but he doubtless wished to empha¬ 
size the idea that the man who adapts to the 
advancement of civilization the discoveries of the 
student is worthy of equal if not greater glory. 
The incandescent lamp was known half a century 


(95) 







The Booklovers Reading Club 


a S°t but to Mr. Edison belongs the credit of 
placing it within the reach of everyone. We all 
revere the name of Morse as the inventor of the 
telegraph, but few remember that William Stur¬ 
geon was the first to make an electromagnet, 
on the use of which the telegraph depends. Stur¬ 
geon made a discovery of the first magnitude ; 
Morse adapted this discovery to the betterment 
of human affairs. Discoveries, even in this 
golden age of invention, are rare; but there are 
few with so little inventive ingenuity as to be 
unable either to improve on an older process or 
devise a new application of some fundamental 
principle. It is then in this field of adaptation 
and improvement that the work of the electrical 
engineer now lies and where it seems likely 
chiefly to remain for an indefinite future. Sixty- 
years ago not a dollar was invested in any elec¬ 
trical enterprise whatever. Today electrical 
industries count capital by billions. We talk 
across continents, and with the telegraphic cob¬ 
web we can flash a girdle round the earth in con¬ 
siderably less than the forty minutes required by 
Puck. We have harnessed the lightning; and in 
drawing our burdens it has not only driven the 
horse from our streets, but is displacing the loco¬ 
motive on all but the great trunk lines. We have 
captured the flash, and the spark that Franklin 
drew from his kite string now glows in millions of 
lamps. Nor is the end yet, for science points 


(9 6 ) 







Studies in Applied Electricity 


prophetically to electrical means whereby we may 
signal through intervening space certainly over 
the earth, conceivably even to other members of 
the solar system. But though such achievements 
can be wrought only by the most painstaking 
study and laborious investigation, a measure of 
success more or less great awaits all who will 
conscientiously devote themselves to electricity. 

The first and prime requisite to success as an 
electrician is mechanical ability , the more the 
better; and men with this characteristic are born 
not made. No one would think for a moment of 
deliberately trying to make a Raphael or a 
Beethoven by education only. It is well recog¬ 
nized in music and painting that there must be 
the initial artistic spark. Training may foster 
and develop it, may fan it into the blaze of genius ; 
but if the divine afflatus is missing, all the cultiva¬ 
tion in the world can but produce a mere copyist, 
whether in art or engineering. Given then a 
mind with decided mechanical taste—for one 
usually does well what one enjoys—what shall be 
the method of education ? 

The ideal plan embraces a liberal college 
course, reinforced by the special three years’ 
training of the technical school, to which must be 
added shop practice equivalent to the time served 
by an ordinary apprentice at the bench. 

There are many, however, to whom the college 
and the technical school are impossibilities, as 


7 c 


(97) 





The Booklovers Reading Club 


neither the necessary time nor means are at com¬ 
mand. But this is no ground for discouragement, 
as many of the brightest electricians have grown 
up from the ranks. Such men, for men they 
usually are, generally have the advantage of long 
shop experience and are not only good mechan¬ 
ics by taste and training but have gained the 
severe discipline of practical business life that, in 
addition to their trade, has inculcated thrift and 
shrewdness, characteristics which the college 
rarely recognizes. The correspondence schools 
attord to such an opportunity to supplement with 
a theoretical training of almost any desired mag¬ 
nitude the practical education of the bench, 
i hese schools supply a series of text-books cover¬ 
ing courses in all branches of electrical engineer¬ 
ing that are prepared with particular reference to 
the needs of those who must study at home during 
such hours of leisure as may be gleaned from the 
day of one actively engaged in a trade or profes¬ 
sion The student may proceed as rapidly or as 
slowly as desired, or may take one or more courses 
at pleasure So, considering the small expense 
involved, the range, liberty and thoroughness 
secured, the busy man can hardly obtain a better 
method of mental training than is thus afforded 
though, of course, it cannot for a moment be com¬ 
pare with the wider and more systematic drill of 
the college and technical school. 

There are still other students who wish to be 


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Studies in Applied Electricity 


architects of their educations as well as their for¬ 
tunes, and to such a few words of general sug¬ 
gestion may be pertinent. The foundation of all 
engineering, and particularly the electrical branch, 
is mathematics ; and by this is meant not simply 
expertness in handling x s and y s and quickly 
covering a page with intricate equations, but the 
habit of the careful examination of premises and 
logical reasoning therefrom that only a mathe¬ 
matical training can give. Sufficient arithmeti¬ 
cal skill is always gained in the common school 
courses that are open to everyone ; and while a 
knowledge of higher mathematics, such as calcu¬ 
lus and quaternions or vectorial algebra is highly 
desirable, it is by no means necessary to great 
electrical proficiency. Algebra, geometry and 
plane trigonometry are necessary, and the stu¬ 
dent should read these three and exercise himself 
therein until the use becomes second nature. 

Algebra is the language of symbols, nor is it 
comparable with any other science any more than 
music can be likened to painting. It has a tongue 
of its own, speaking to the student in no uncer¬ 
tain voice, and equipping him with a mental power 
that is surprising in its breadth and range. There 
are hosts of treatises, among which there is 
scarcely a selection. Loomis, Davies, Peck and 
Todhunter are old and tried text-books, while 
Algebra Made Easy, by Houston and Kennedy, 
is particularly desirable for electrical students. 


L.of C. 


(99) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


T hough not a work on algebra, the Interpretation 
of Mathematical Formula, by Houston and Ken- 
nelly, is of the greatest value. In the study of 
mathematics it is well for the student to read at¬ 
tentively, though rapidly, a number of pages with¬ 
out even trying to comprehend the subject com¬ 
pletely, and then return for a careful memorization 
of the subject and thorough drill in examples. 
He may then pass to the next section, but it is of 
the utmost value to carefully review all that has 
preceded as each forward step is taken, for it is 
astonishing with what new force and with what 
greater clarity even the most elementary portions 
reappear with each review. A noted mathemati¬ 
cian who had taught algebra for twenty years once 
remarked that he always learned something him¬ 
self with each succeeding class. A most excellent 
way of reviewing is to read a variety of authors 
on the same subject, for in its passage through 
different minds new light is shed and varying em¬ 
phasis laid on salient points. When it is incon¬ 
venient to be burdened with a large number of 
books, the various libraries will afford the reader 
ample opportunity for the consultation of different 
works. 

Geometry is usually termed the science of form 
but it is much more than that. It is the art of 
reasoning, for even logic itself is outclassed by 
the severe and magnificent structure of reason 
elected by Euclid on his five axioms, that has 


(ICO) 







Studies in Applied Electricity 


withstood, unshaken, for twenty centuries all the 
assaults that the human mind could devise. Of 
all forms of mental discipline geometry is peculiar 
in teaching the student to examine with the ut¬ 
most thoroughness the premises for his argument; 
to reject all that are in the least superfluous 
or questionable ; and then to erect the logical 
structure slowly step by step with such compel¬ 
ling lucidity that the conclusions are cemented to 
the premises in one irrefrangible mass. Nor is 
the mathematical value of geometry ignored or 
the lessons it teaches of the relation of form 
slighted ; of the greatest value are they and es¬ 
sential to future electrical study, but the broadest 
and highest use is the training of the reason. As 
in algebra there are text-books galore ; but the 
old Playfair Euclid of Oxford and Cambridge, if 
one may procure a copy, can hardly be improved 
on. Todhunter, Davies, Legendre and the Harper 
Euclid are all admirable works. 

Trigonometry, the last, least and easiest of the 
mathematical trio, is the science of angles and 
may be said to be a combination of both algebra 
and geometry, for trigonometric problems can be 
solved by either symbolic or Euclidian methods. 
It is chiefly interesting to the electrician in the 
investigations of alternating currents, and for this 
purpose sufficient acquaintance may be obtained 
by the expenditure of a very few days’ study. 
Most works on geometry contain the elements of 


(IOI) 





ELECTRICITY 


The Booklovers Reading Club 


' Electricity Made 
Easy (Houston & 
Kennelly). 

Elementary Manu¬ 
al of Electricity 
{Jamieson). 

Practical Electric¬ 
ity {Ayrton). 

Elementary Les¬ 
sons in Electric¬ 
ity (S. P. Thomp¬ 
son). 


Electricity (Lar- 
l den). 


Lighting. 


Railroad¬ 

ing. 


Power 


Elements of Electric Lighting: 
{Atkinson). 

Electric Arc and Incandescent 
Lighting {Houston <2fKennelly). 
Electrical Engineering Leaflets 
{Houston & Kennelly). 
Electric Light Plants {Buckley). 
LElectric Lighting {Crocker). 

’ Electric Street Railways {Hous¬ 
ton & Kennelly). 

Electric Railway Engineering 
( Trevert). 

American Electric Street Rail¬ 
ways {Hedges). 

Electric Transmission Hand¬ 
book (Badt). 

Power Transmission {Atkin¬ 
son). 


W 

U 

H 

U 

£ 


Telephony. 


Transmis- Power Distribution for Elec- 
sion. trie Railways {Bell). 

The Electrical Transmission 
of Energy {Abbott). 

'Telephone Handbook {Pool). 
Telephone Lines {Hopkins). 
The Telephone {Allsop). 
American Telephone Practice 
{Miller). 

Manual of Telephony {Preece 
& Stubbs). 




Telegra¬ 

phy. 


Lighting. 


Railroad¬ 

ing. 

Power 

Transmis¬ 

sion. 


Telephony. 


' E1 <? t ^« T // e f raphy ( Houston 

American Telegraphy (A/hz/^r). 
Electricity, Magnetism and the 
Electric Telegraph {Lock- 
wood). 

Electric Telegraph {Herbert). 


Bookkeeping 


'Central Station 
{Foster). 

Electric Light and Power 
, (Guy). 

Central Electric StationsfiVbrrf- 
mghani). 

Electric Light Stations (Kitt- 
ingworth). 

f Tramways (Clark). 

1 Electric Railways (Dawson). 
i Proceedings of the Street Rail- 
l way Association. 

(No good books. See the Elec- 
- tncal World and Transac- 
( tzons of A.I.E.E. 

The Telephone System of 
Europe (Bennett). 

T1 ?e Inspector and Trouble 
Man (Dobbs). 

Ba , c j c numbers of the Telephone 
Magazine. 


f Modern Telegraph Service 
Telegraphy. (Abernathy). 

I Th £ Quadruple* (Maver 
l Davts). 


( 102 ) 

































Studies in Applied Electricity 


trigonometry, as for example, Playfair’s Euclid\ 
Davies, Legendre and the Harper Euclid. 

The study of electricity itself may be very 
broadly divided into two parts, electrical theory 
and electrical application. The first deals with 
an acquaintance with the phenomena of and laws 
relating to that manifestation of energy that we 
call electricity ; the second relates to the construc¬ 
tion of machinery for the utilization thereof. 
While the second depends on the first, a some¬ 
what superficial acquaintance with the profounder 
scientific researches may enable one to be a suc¬ 
cessful constructing or operating engineer. Elec¬ 
trical applications may also be divided into two 
parts : constructive electrical engineering, or 
that which deals with the design and manufacture 
of electrical machinery ; and operative electrical 
engineering, relating to the management of elec¬ 
trical works; and further, each group may again 
be subdivided into electric lighting, electric 
railroading, power transmission, telephony and 
telegraphy. Schematically the preceding class¬ 
ification would stand as shown in the table on the 
opposite page. Beside each topic will be found 
a list of works that deal with the subject, the most 
elementary being placed at the top. 

The preceding list is selected chiefly with ref¬ 
erence to the first needs of electrical students. 
Advanced readers in electrical theory will need 
the works of Maxwell, J. J. Thomson, Kelvin, 


(103) 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


Heaviside, Gerard and Hertz; in dynamo con¬ 
struction, S. P. Thompson, Parshall and Hobart, 
Weimer and Weymouth; in alternating currents! 
Bedell and Crehore, Steinmetz, Jackson, Fleming 
and Kapp; and in magnetism, Ewing, Gerard 
and Dubois. 

To one with regular occupation the acquisition 
of a new science seems a formidable undertak¬ 
ing. So it is in one aspect. The thousand calls 
of home life, the natural mental inertia towards a 
new channel of thought, the demands of a tired 
body for complete and amusing relaxation are 
real and serious deterrents operating forcefully 
as barriers towards the commencement of a new 
me of study and as constant resistances towards 
progress. Conversely it is astonishing how a lit¬ 
tle will power causes these partly imaginary im¬ 
pediments to yield. The exercise of some resolu¬ 
tion in rising earlier for half an hours reading 
soon converts a seeming hardship into a pleasure 
P rom the car trip to the shop or office may be daily 

gleaned a notable number of minutes. The time 
devoted to the daily paper may be most advan¬ 
tageously curtailed to a minimum, as it is rare that 
there is more than ten minutes’ profitable read¬ 
ing in any of them. And finally, as the best rest 
is but a change of occupation, the student will 
soon realize a far keener enjo> ment in a system¬ 
atic course of reading than is ever secured by the 
novel, the theatre or the billiard ball. The knowl- 


U°4; 






Studies in Applied Electricity 


edge one acquires is valuable in proportion as it 
becomes an integral part of the brain. A prin¬ 
ciple tersely conveyed in a few sentences read 
before breakfast and held floating in the mind all 
day is so absorbed that it is never forgotten ; it 
is ready for immediate use and the relation sus¬ 
tained to other laws rightly appreciated. The 
true method of study is, therefore, not the mere 
verbal memorization of text-book statements, but 
such an acquisition of the principles conveyed as 
will render the mind facile and nimble in their 
application under all circumstances. 

(M(cUUt. 

t * 


(i°5) 














































r 

























- - - 























SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS 


Rt comm ended for this course by 

THOMAS A. EDISON 

Dynamo-Electric Machinery. By s. P. Thomp- 
son. 

A very complete work liberally provided with plates. 
It treats of direct and alternating machinery. In 
places it is quite mathematical. 

Electric Lighting. (2 vols.) By F. B. Crocker. 

A very elaborate treatise and up-to-date. It treats 
of prime movers, dynamos, transformers, the lamps 
themselves and different systems of distribution. 

Electric Transmission of Energy. ByGisbert 
Kapp. 

An excellent work upon the theory of transmission. 
It says but little about existing plants. Published 
in 1894. 


(107) 









The Booklovers Reading Club 


Recommended for this course by 

EDWIN J. HOUSTON 

The Electromagnet. By s. P. Thompson. 

The theory of the electromagnet and electromag¬ 
netic mechanism is discussed. Alternating current 
electromagnets, electromagnets in surgery and other 
special forms are considered. 

The Electro-Technical Series. By Houston 

and Kennedy. 

There are ten volumes. The style is good and the 
method of treatment admirable. Though elementary 
in scope they form an excellent compend of applied 
electricity. 


Telephone Lines and their Properties. By 
W. J. Hopkins. 

As the name indicates this book treats not of the 
telephone as a system but of telephone lines—con¬ 
struction, induction effects and their avoidance, con¬ 
duits, switchboards, etc. A book for specialists. 





















































































































































































































Twenty-Five Reading Courses 


No. i—PROBLEMS IN MODERN DEMOCRACY 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are ex-President Cleveland; Woodrow Wilson, Professor 
of Politics, Princeton University ; Henry J. Ford, author of Rise 
and Growth of American Politics; and Henry D. Lloyd, author 
of Newest England. The books for the course are selected 
by Mr. Cleveland. 

No. 2—MODERN MASTERS OF MUSIC 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are Reginald de Koven, Dr. W. S. B. Mathews, editor of 
Music; James G. Huneker, editor of Musical Courier; Henry 
E. Krehbiel, musical critic New York Tribune; and Gustave 
Kobbd, author of Wagner's Life and Works. The most attrac¬ 
tive reading course ever offered to lovers of music. 

No. 3—RAMBLINGS AMONG ART CENTRES 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are F. Hopkinson Smith, Dr. John C. Van Dyke, Dr. 
John La Farge, President of the Society of American Artists ; 
Kenyon Cox and Dr. Russell Sturgis. The handbook is 
attractively illustrated. Mr. Smith and Dr. Van Dyke are 
responsible for selecting the books to be read. 

No. 4—AMERICAN VACATIONS IN EUROPE 

This course is the next best thing to going abroad oneself. 
Among the contributors to the handbook are Frank R. Stockton, 
Jeannette L. Gilder, editor of The Critic; Mrs. Schuyler Crown- 
inshield and George Ade. The handbook has a fine portrait 
frontispiece. 

No. 5—A STUDY OF SIX NEW ENGLAND CLASSICS 

The books for this course are selected by Dr. Edward 
Everett Hale. Among the contributors to the handbook are 
Dr. Hale, Julian Hawthorne, Mrs. James T. Fields and Dr. 
Edward Waldo Emerson. Dr. Emerson is a son of Ralph Waldo 
Emerson. This is one of the most attractive courses in the 
entire series. 

No. 6- SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLISH KINGS 

The plays are selected for this course by H. Beerbohm 
Tree, the well-known English actor, and the books to be read 
in connection with the plays are selected by Sir Henry 


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The Booklovers Reading Club 


Irving Among the other contributors to the handbook are Prof 
Edward Dowden, acknowledged the greatest Shakespearean 
ffn 0 n r °urir eat Dn Hiram Corson, of Cornell Univer- 

, , U llham J' a °d Dr* Hamilton W. Mabie The 

handbook is very attractively illustrated. e 


No. 7 'CHARLES DICKENS: HIS LIFE AND WORK 

Among the contributors to the delightful handbook accomoanv- 
are G L eor - e W * Cable, the well-known novdlsT 
ving Bacheller, author of Eben Holden; Andrew Lantr the 
distinguished English writer; Amelia E. Barr, the novelist and 

books to I be gh re S d aUth ° r Dic A ke ™ as an Educator. ’The 
o u i. to be read are selected by Mr. Cable and Mr 
Bacheller. The handbook is beautifully illustrated. 

No. 8—CHILD STUDY FOR MOTHERS AND TEACHERS 

Among the contributors to the handbook accomnanvim. this 

and Rate Gannett Wells. Mrs. Sangster selects the^kstobe 

No. 9 —INDUSTRIAL QUESTIONS OF THE DAY 

No. io FLORENCE IN ART AND LITERATURE 

attractive illustrations. S ' Th iiandbook has some 

No. II STUDIES OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS 










The Booklovers Reading Club 


many. Among the other contributors to the handbook are Jesse 
Macy, Professor of Constitutional History and Political Science, 
Iowa College; and John William Burgess, Professor of Political 
Science and Constitutional Law, and Dean of the Faculty of 
Political Science, Columbia University. 

No. 13—FAMOUS WOMEN OF THE RENAISSANCE 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Margaret Deland 
and Charlotte Brewster Jordan. The handbook has several 
very interesting illustrations. 

No. 13—THE MODERN CITY AND ITS PROBLEMS 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are Dr. Frederic W. Speirs ; Dr. Albert Shaw, editor 
of The Review of Reviews; Bird S. Coler, Comptroller of the 
City of New York, author of Municipal Government; and Charles 
J. Bonaparte, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the 
National Municipal League. The books are selected by Dr. 
Speirs. 

No. 14—STUDIES IN APPLIED ELECTRICITY 

This is without exception the most attractive and the most 
helpful reading course ever offered to students of electricity. 
Thomas A. Edison selects the books specially for these studies. 
Among the other contributors to the handbook are Dr. Edwin 
J. Houston, Dr. Elihu Thomson, Carl Hering, Ex-President of 
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers ; and Arthur V. 
Abbott, Chief Engineer of the Chicago Telephone Company. 

No. 15-FIVE WEEKS’ STUDY OF ASTRONOMY 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
course are Charles A. Young, Professor of Astronomy, Prince¬ 
ton University; Sir Robert S. Ball, Professor of Astronomy, 
Cambridge University, and Director of Cambridge Observa¬ 
tory, England; Camille Flammarion, founder of the As¬ 
tronomical Society of France, and author of Marvels of the 
Heavens , Astronomy , etc.; George C. Comstock, Director of 
Washburn Observatory, University of Wisconsin ; and Harold 
Jacoby, Professor of Astronomy, Columbia University. 1 he 
study programme includes contributions from the most famous 
astronomers of England and France. 

No. 16—RECENT ENGLISH DRAMATISTS 

Lovers of the best modern dramas will find much pleasure in 
these studies. Among the contributors to the handbook are 
Brander Matthews, Professor of Literature, Columbia University'; 


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8 c 






The Booklovers Reading Club 


Dr. William Winter, Dramatic Critic for the New York Tribune : 
p?, r- Harry Thurston Peck, Editor of The Bookman ; Louise 
Chandler Moulton; and Norman Hapgood, the well-known 
writer of dramatic criticism. The handbook has some interest¬ 
ing illustrations. 


No. 17—STUDIES IN CURRENT RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 

The books are chosen for the course by Dr. Lyman Abbott 
and I)r. Washington Gladden. Among the contributors to 
the handbook are Dr. Samuel D. McConnell, Rector of Holy 
Trinity Church, Brooklyn; President William DeWitt Hyde of 
Bowdoin College; Dr. Amory IT Bradford, Editor of The 
Outlook ; Dr. Henry Collin Minton, of San Francisco Theological 
Seminary late Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly ; 
Ef;, % Thomas, Pastor of the People’s Church, Chicago 
2 “ JP :r ATheodore 1 • Munger, Pastor of the United Congrega- 
\T£\ Ch ? rd \’ Ne u Haven. For clergymen and laymen who 
«r°yth.° f a Geology which is in harmony 
wnh the best thought of the time we recommend this handbook 
and this reading course. 


No. 18—THE GREATER VICTORIAN POETS 

The books are selected for this course by Thomas Bailey 
Aldrich. Among the other contributors to the handbook are 

n ? a u R p L °" nsb f U o y - Professor of English, Yale University; 
Dr. T. M. Parrott, of Princeton University ; and Marie Ada Moli- 
neux, author of The Phrase Book of Browning. 

No. 19—OUT-OF-DOOR AMERICANS 

Among the contributors to the handbook accompanying this 
rvUSfcS 1 * J? h » B urr oughs Ernest Seton-Thompson, President 
Frnict S T tarr J°^ an »Jhe Leland Stanford Junior University; 
finHfr n u- SC l and Hamlin Garland. Lovers of nature will 
find delight in the outlines and recommendations of this course. 

No. 20—THE WORLD’S GREAT WOMAN NOVELISTS 

Bret’ War< J> tlle well-known English novelist, is the 

first contributor to the handbook accompanying this course 
The o her contributors are Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward,-Mary 

FnS’w n gr i eS 5 e ?, pller > Catherine Lee Bates, Professor of 
English, Wellesley College; and Oscar Fay Adams. The hand¬ 
book contains some interesting illustrations 


No. 21—AMERICAN FOUNDATION HISTORY 

Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge selects the books for this course 
Among the other contributors are Albert Bushnell Hart, Pro¬ 
fessor of American History, Harvard University; John Bach 







The B ooklovers Reading Club 


McMaster, Professor of American History, University of Penn¬ 
sylvania ; Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Histori¬ 
cal Society of Wisconsin, author of The Colonies; Paul Leicester 
Ford, author of Janice Meredith; and Andrew Cunningham 
McLaughlin, Professor of American History, University of 
Michigan. 

No. 22—STUDIES IN AMERICAN LITERARY LIFE 

Professor Barrett Wendell and Professor Lewis E. Gates, of 
Harvard, and Dr. Horace E. Scudder, late editor of The Atlantic 
Monthly , contribute to the handbook accompanying this course. 
For a brief stimulative and instructive course in American litera¬ 
ture nothing better could possibly be offered. 

No. 23—STUDIES IN RECENT FRENCH FICTION 

Alcee Fortier, Professor of Romance Languages, Tulane 
University of Louisiana, has chosen the books for this reading 
course. Among the contributors to the handbook are the three 
distinguished French writers, Edouard Rod, Ferdinand Bru- 
netiSre and Paul Bourget, and the notable American critic, 
Dr. Benjamin W. Wells, author of Modern French Literature and 
A Century of French Literature. 

No. 24—THE ENGLISH BIBLE : HOW WE GOT IT 

The contributors to this course include President William R. 
Harper, of the University of Chicago; John Franklin Genung, 
Professor of Rhetoric, Amherst College ; William Newton Clarke 
Professor of Christian Theology, Colgate University;and Richard 
G Moulton, Professor of English Literature, University ot 
Chicago. The handbook is a very interesting and instructive 
volume in itself. 

No. 25—THE MECHANISM OF 

PRESENT DAY COMMERCE 

In Preparation . The books are selected by the Hon. Lyman 
J. Gage, Secretary’ of the Treasury’. 


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